Degree of comparison
Degree of comparison তিন প্রকার: (a) Positive (b) Comparative (c) Superlative
সাধারণত adjective-এর degree-এর তুলনা করা যায় না (গুণ, দোষ, অবস্থা) প্রকাশ করা যায় তখন তাকে adjective-এর Positive degree হয়।
যখন adjective-এর degree-র মাধ্যমে দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সঙ্গে তুলনা বোঝায় এবং তখন adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহূত হয় তাকে Comparative degree বলে।
লক্ষণীয়: Comparative form-এর পরে than বসে।
দুই-এর অধিক ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা অবস্থার তুলনামূলক রূপ বোঝাতে adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহূত হয় তাকে Superlative degree বলে।
নিয়ম ১: যদি Positive degree শেষে একটি consonant বা দুটি consonant থাকে তাহলে comparative করার সময় er এবং superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Black blacker blackest
Cold colder coldest
New newest newest
নিয়ম ২: যদি Positive degree-এর শেষে e থাকে তাহলে Comparative করার সময় r এবং Superlative করার সময় st যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Brave braver bravest
Fine finer finest
Nice nicer nicest
Wide wider widest
নিয়ম ৩: যদি Positive degree শেষে consonant এবং তার আগে vowel থাকে তাহলে consonant double করে comparative করার সময় er এবং superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Sad sadder saddest
Thin thinner thinnest
নিয়ম ৪: যদি Positive degree শেষে ‘Y’ এবং তার আগে consonant থাকে তাহলে ‘Y’ স্থলে i বসিয়ে comparative করার সময় er এবং Superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy happier happiest
Dry drier driest
Easy easier easiest
Merry merrier merriest
Note: ব্যতিক্রম ক্ষেত্রে কোনো পরিবর্তন না হয়ে শুধু comparative-এর সময় er এবং superlative-এর সময় est বসবে।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Gay gayer gayest
Grey greyer greyest
নিয়ম-৫: দুই Syllable যুক্ত অধিকাংশ Adjective এবং দুই-এর অধিক syllable যুক্ত সমস্ত Adjective এবং ‘full’ যুক্ত সব Adjective-এর আগে more বা less যোগ করে Comparative এবং most বা least যোগ করে Superlative Degree গঠন করা হয়ে থাকে।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
less beautiful least beautiful
Careful more careful most careful
less careful least careful
Honest more honest most honest
Important more important most important
নিয়ম ৬: কতকগুলো Positive degree রয়েছে যাদের Comparative এবং Superlative করার সময় কোনো সুনির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম মেনে চলতে হয় না। এদের Irregular Adjective বলে।
যেমন:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bad worse worst
Good better best
Late later latest
Many/Much more most
Little less least
Fore former foremost
Old older oldest/eldest
সাধারণত adjective-এর degree-এর তুলনা করা যায় না (গুণ, দোষ, অবস্থা) প্রকাশ করা যায় তখন তাকে adjective-এর Positive degree হয়।
যখন adjective-এর degree-র মাধ্যমে দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সঙ্গে তুলনা বোঝায় এবং তখন adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহূত হয় তাকে Comparative degree বলে।
লক্ষণীয়: Comparative form-এর পরে than বসে।
দুই-এর অধিক ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা অবস্থার তুলনামূলক রূপ বোঝাতে adjective-এর যে রূপ ব্যবহূত হয় তাকে Superlative degree বলে।
নিয়ম ১: যদি Positive degree শেষে একটি consonant বা দুটি consonant থাকে তাহলে comparative করার সময় er এবং superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Black blacker blackest
Cold colder coldest
New newest newest
নিয়ম ২: যদি Positive degree-এর শেষে e থাকে তাহলে Comparative করার সময় r এবং Superlative করার সময় st যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Brave braver bravest
Fine finer finest
Nice nicer nicest
Wide wider widest
নিয়ম ৩: যদি Positive degree শেষে consonant এবং তার আগে vowel থাকে তাহলে consonant double করে comparative করার সময় er এবং superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Sad sadder saddest
Thin thinner thinnest
নিয়ম ৪: যদি Positive degree শেষে ‘Y’ এবং তার আগে consonant থাকে তাহলে ‘Y’ স্থলে i বসিয়ে comparative করার সময় er এবং Superlative করার সময় est যোগ করতে হয়।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy happier happiest
Dry drier driest
Easy easier easiest
Merry merrier merriest
Note: ব্যতিক্রম ক্ষেত্রে কোনো পরিবর্তন না হয়ে শুধু comparative-এর সময় er এবং superlative-এর সময় est বসবে।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Gay gayer gayest
Grey greyer greyest
নিয়ম-৫: দুই Syllable যুক্ত অধিকাংশ Adjective এবং দুই-এর অধিক syllable যুক্ত সমস্ত Adjective এবং ‘full’ যুক্ত সব Adjective-এর আগে more বা less যোগ করে Comparative এবং most বা least যোগ করে Superlative Degree গঠন করা হয়ে থাকে।
Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
less beautiful least beautiful
Careful more careful most careful
less careful least careful
Honest more honest most honest
Important more important most important
নিয়ম ৬: কতকগুলো Positive degree রয়েছে যাদের Comparative এবং Superlative করার সময় কোনো সুনির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম মেনে চলতে হয় না। এদের Irregular Adjective বলে।
যেমন:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bad worse worst
Good better best
Late later latest
Many/Much more most
Little less least
Fore former foremost
Old older oldest/eldest
Rules of Adjectives for JSC Exam
Parts of speech Adjective
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ NCTB কর্তৃক প্রণীত সিলেবাসের ৯ নম্বর Grammar item নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করলে তোমরা Adjective বিষয়টি আয়ত্ত করতে সক্ষম হবে।
Adjective বা বিশেষণ: যে word কোনো noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমাণ বা আকার বোঝায়, তাকে adjective বলে। যেমন: Good, bad, truthful, brave, rich, new, little, few, some, tall etc.
Use of adjective: Adjective দুভাবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
(i) Attributive use of adjective (ii) Predicative use of adjective
Attributive use of adjective : Adjective যখন noun-এর আগে বসে ওই nounকে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে qualify করে, তাকে Attributive use of adjective বলে। যেমন: He is an active person. Hasan is an attentive student.
ওপরের sentence দুটির প্রথমটিতে active শব্দটি noun ‘person’-এর আগে বসে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে তার গুণ প্রকাশ করেছে। দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ attentive শব্দটি ‘Student’ শব্দটির আগে বসে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে qualify করেছে। Adjective-এর এরূপ ব্যবহারকে Attributive use of adjective বলে।
(ii) Predicative use of adjective : Adjective যখন predicative verb-এর পরে বসে পরোক্ষভাবে subjectকে qualify করে, তখন adjective-এর সেই ব্যবহারকে Predicative use of adjective বলে। যেমন: Matin is intelligent. He is poor.
ওপরের sentence-এ intelligent শব্দটি predicative verb-এর পরে বসে subject-এর দোষগুণ প্রকাশ করেছে। দ্বিতীয় sentence-এও ‘Poor’ adjectiveটি predicative verb-এর পরে বসে পরোক্ষভাবে subject-এর অবস্থা প্রকাশ করছে। Adjective-এর এরূপ ব্যবহারকে Predicative use of adjective বলে।
Classification of adjectives (adjective শ্রেণী বিভাগ)
1. Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective
2. Adjective of quantity বা Quantitative adjective
3. Adjective of number বা Numeral adjective
4. Pronominal adjective.
Parts of speech Adjective
1. Adjective of quality or Descriptive adjective : যে adjective noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ অবস্থা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective বলে। উদাহরণ:
Hasan is a meritorious student. He is poor.
The man is very honest.
ওপরের sentence তিনটি লক্ষ করলে আমরা দেখতে পাই, প্রথম sentence-এ meritorious শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘Hasan’-এর গুণ প্রকাশ পেয়েছে।
দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ poor শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘He’-এর অবস্থা প্রকাশ পেয়েছে।
তৃতীয় sentence-এ ‘honest’ শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘The man’-এর গুণ প্রকাশ পেয়েছে। তাই meritorious, poor, honest—এই শব্দগুলো এখানে Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective.
আরও কয়েকটি Descriptive adjective হলো brilliant, liar, happy, brave, young, old, new, fine, sweet, bad, costly, cheap ইত্যাদি।
2. Adjective of quantity or Quantitative adjective: যে adjective sentence-এ noun বা pronoun-এর পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে, তাকে Adjective of quantity বলে।
উদাহরণ: He has much money.
A little learning is a dangerous thing.
Give me some food.
উপরিউক্ত sentenceগুলোতে much, a little, some—এ শব্দগুলো পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করেছে। তাহলে, এগুলো Quantitative adjective এবং Adjective of quantity হবে।
3. Adjective of number or Numeral adjective : যেসব adjective noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নির্দেশ করে, তাদের Adjective of number বা Numeral adjective বলে। উদাহরণ: Imran has a nice umbrella. Della finished reading five story books.
4. Numeral adjective-এর প্রকারভেদ।
Numeral adjective চার প্রকার:
(1) Cardinal numeral adjective
(2) Indefinite numeral adjective
(3) Multiplicative numeral adjective
(4) Ordinal numeral adjective
Cardinal Indefinite Multiplicative Ordinal
One Some Single First
Two Any Double Second
Three None Triple Third
Four A Several Fourfold Fourth
(i) Cardinal numeral adjective : যেসব adjective দ্বারা noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নিদের্শিত হয় তাদের Cardinal adjective বলে।
উদাহরণ: There are two taxi cab here.
They have seven cows. We are fifty in numbers.
(ii) Indefinite numeral adjective: যেসব adjective noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায় না, তাদের Indefinite numeral adjective বলে ।
উদাহনণ: Some girls are walking.
A good number of students attended the class.
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ NCTB কর্তৃক প্রণীত সিলেবাসের ৯ নম্বর Grammar item নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করলে তোমরা Adjective বিষয়টি আয়ত্ত করতে সক্ষম হবে।
Adjective বা বিশেষণ: যে word কোনো noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমাণ বা আকার বোঝায়, তাকে adjective বলে। যেমন: Good, bad, truthful, brave, rich, new, little, few, some, tall etc.
Use of adjective: Adjective দুভাবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
(i) Attributive use of adjective (ii) Predicative use of adjective
Attributive use of adjective : Adjective যখন noun-এর আগে বসে ওই nounকে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে qualify করে, তাকে Attributive use of adjective বলে। যেমন: He is an active person. Hasan is an attentive student.
ওপরের sentence দুটির প্রথমটিতে active শব্দটি noun ‘person’-এর আগে বসে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে তার গুণ প্রকাশ করেছে। দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ attentive শব্দটি ‘Student’ শব্দটির আগে বসে প্রত্যক্ষভাবে qualify করেছে। Adjective-এর এরূপ ব্যবহারকে Attributive use of adjective বলে।
(ii) Predicative use of adjective : Adjective যখন predicative verb-এর পরে বসে পরোক্ষভাবে subjectকে qualify করে, তখন adjective-এর সেই ব্যবহারকে Predicative use of adjective বলে। যেমন: Matin is intelligent. He is poor.
ওপরের sentence-এ intelligent শব্দটি predicative verb-এর পরে বসে subject-এর দোষগুণ প্রকাশ করেছে। দ্বিতীয় sentence-এও ‘Poor’ adjectiveটি predicative verb-এর পরে বসে পরোক্ষভাবে subject-এর অবস্থা প্রকাশ করছে। Adjective-এর এরূপ ব্যবহারকে Predicative use of adjective বলে।
Classification of adjectives (adjective শ্রেণী বিভাগ)
1. Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective
2. Adjective of quantity বা Quantitative adjective
3. Adjective of number বা Numeral adjective
4. Pronominal adjective.
Parts of speech Adjective
1. Adjective of quality or Descriptive adjective : যে adjective noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ অবস্থা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করে, তাকে Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective বলে। উদাহরণ:
Hasan is a meritorious student. He is poor.
The man is very honest.
ওপরের sentence তিনটি লক্ষ করলে আমরা দেখতে পাই, প্রথম sentence-এ meritorious শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘Hasan’-এর গুণ প্রকাশ পেয়েছে।
দ্বিতীয় sentence-এ poor শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘He’-এর অবস্থা প্রকাশ পেয়েছে।
তৃতীয় sentence-এ ‘honest’ শব্দটি দ্বারা subject ‘The man’-এর গুণ প্রকাশ পেয়েছে। তাই meritorious, poor, honest—এই শব্দগুলো এখানে Adjective of quality বা Descriptive adjective.
আরও কয়েকটি Descriptive adjective হলো brilliant, liar, happy, brave, young, old, new, fine, sweet, bad, costly, cheap ইত্যাদি।
2. Adjective of quantity or Quantitative adjective: যে adjective sentence-এ noun বা pronoun-এর পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে, তাকে Adjective of quantity বলে।
উদাহরণ: He has much money.
A little learning is a dangerous thing.
Give me some food.
উপরিউক্ত sentenceগুলোতে much, a little, some—এ শব্দগুলো পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করেছে। তাহলে, এগুলো Quantitative adjective এবং Adjective of quantity হবে।
3. Adjective of number or Numeral adjective : যেসব adjective noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নির্দেশ করে, তাদের Adjective of number বা Numeral adjective বলে। উদাহরণ: Imran has a nice umbrella. Della finished reading five story books.
4. Numeral adjective-এর প্রকারভেদ।
Numeral adjective চার প্রকার:
(1) Cardinal numeral adjective
(2) Indefinite numeral adjective
(3) Multiplicative numeral adjective
(4) Ordinal numeral adjective
Cardinal Indefinite Multiplicative Ordinal
One Some Single First
Two Any Double Second
Three None Triple Third
Four A Several Fourfold Fourth
(i) Cardinal numeral adjective : যেসব adjective দ্বারা noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নিদের্শিত হয় তাদের Cardinal adjective বলে।
উদাহরণ: There are two taxi cab here.
They have seven cows. We are fifty in numbers.
(ii) Indefinite numeral adjective: যেসব adjective noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায় না, তাদের Indefinite numeral adjective বলে ।
উদাহনণ: Some girls are walking.
A good number of students attended the class.
(iii) Multiplicative numeral adjective: যেসব Numeral adjective sentence এ
ব্যবহূত noun-এর কতবার বা কতগুণ রয়েছে তা নির্দেশ করে তাদের
Multiplicative numeral adjective: বলে। যেমন: Milton came here single.
It has two fold uses.
(iv) Ordinal numeral adjective: যে adjective সাধারণত এর পর্যায়ক্রমিক স্থান বা ক্রমানুসারে অবস্থান নির্দেশ করে তাকে Cardinal numeral adjective বলে। যেমন: Tarek is the first boy in the class.
Sahera is the second daughter of her parents.
Note: Cardinal, ordinal ও multiplicative Numeral adjectiveগুলো noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা বা অবস্থান নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায় বলে এদের একত্রে Definite numeral adjective বলে।
4. Pronominal adjective: কিছু কিছু pronoun যখন noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাদের Pronominal adjective বলে।
যেমন: This boy is very active. This is his pen.
Pronominal adjective চার প্রকার। যেমন:
(i) Demonstrative adjective
(ii) Interrogative adjective
(iii) Distributive adjective
(iv) Possessive adjective.
(i) Demonstrative adjective: যখন কোনো Demonstrative pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Demonstrative adjective বলে ।
যেমন: This pen is black. That dictionary is costly.
(ii) Interrogative adjective: যখন কোনো Interrogative pronoun কোনো
noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে
Interrogative adjective বলে ।
যেমন: Which class do you read in?
Whose moneybag is this?
(iii) Distributive adjective: যখন কোনো Distributive pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Distributive adjective বলে। যেমন: Each boy will get a T-shirt.
Neither of them was sick.
(iv) Possessive adjective: যখন কোনো possessive pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Distributive adjective বলে|
যেমন: This is your purse. That is her glass.
কয়েকটি adjective-এর ভিন্ন ভিন্ন প্রয়োগ:
Many: এটি Plural countable noun-এর আগে বসে। এটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক।
যেমন: Many boys were present in the party.
Many bananas were bought.
Much : এটি Material singular noun কে বোঝায় এবং পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে।
যেমন: Runa drank much water.
Iqbal has much money.
Many a: এটি Singular countable noun-এর আগে বসে।
যেমন: Many a man died of cholera.
Many a person went there.
A great many : এটি Plural countable noun-এর আগে বসে। যেমন: A great many students were present.
A great many people joined the wedding party.
(e) Another, any other:
Another: এটি singular noun-এর আগে বসে।
যেমন: Another copy was needed.
Another patient came here yesterday.
Any other: এটি singular ও plural উভয় রকম noun কে বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: Luna is more talent than any other girl in the class.
He is stronger than any other man in the village.
Few, a few, the few:
Few: একটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক adjective। এটি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। ‘প্রায় নেই’ বললেই চলে অর্থে এর ব্যবহার হয়ে থাকে। যেমন: I have few story books. My friend has few colored pens.
A few: এটিও একটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক, affirmative ভাব প্রকাশ করে এবং অল্প সংখ্যক বোঝাতে এটি ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: I have a few friends. My brother has a few caps.
The few: এটি affirmative ও negative উভয় ভাব প্রকাশ করে। অল্প সংখ্যক ‘কিন্তু সবগুলো’ এ অর্থে ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: He sold the few lands he had.
Little, a little, the little:
Little: এটি পরিমাণ নির্দেশক negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। ‘কিছুই নেই’ অর্থে এটি ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: There is little water is the pond.
He takes little snacks at noon.
A little: এটি পরিমাণ নির্দেশক তবে সামান্য পরিমাণ বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: We have a little oil. The old man had a little land.
The little: এটি সামান্য পরিমাণ বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়। তবে সামান্য পরিমাণের সবটুকুকে বোঝাতেই The little sentence-এ ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: He left his home with the little money he had.
Comparison of Adjective
স্বাভাবিক অবস্থায় noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বোঝাতে এবং তুলনামূলক অবস্থায় noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা বোঝাতে এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তন বা ভিন্নতা লক্ষ করা যায় তাকে Comparison of adjective বলে।
(iv) Ordinal numeral adjective: যে adjective সাধারণত এর পর্যায়ক্রমিক স্থান বা ক্রমানুসারে অবস্থান নির্দেশ করে তাকে Cardinal numeral adjective বলে। যেমন: Tarek is the first boy in the class.
Sahera is the second daughter of her parents.
Note: Cardinal, ordinal ও multiplicative Numeral adjectiveগুলো noun বা pronoun-এর সংখ্যা বা অবস্থান নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায় বলে এদের একত্রে Definite numeral adjective বলে।
4. Pronominal adjective: কিছু কিছু pronoun যখন noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাদের Pronominal adjective বলে।
যেমন: This boy is very active. This is his pen.
Pronominal adjective চার প্রকার। যেমন:
(i) Demonstrative adjective
(ii) Interrogative adjective
(iii) Distributive adjective
(iv) Possessive adjective.
(i) Demonstrative adjective: যখন কোনো Demonstrative pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Demonstrative adjective বলে ।
যেমন: This pen is black. That dictionary is costly.
যেমন: Which class do you read in?
Whose moneybag is this?
(iii) Distributive adjective: যখন কোনো Distributive pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Distributive adjective বলে। যেমন: Each boy will get a T-shirt.
Neither of them was sick.
(iv) Possessive adjective: যখন কোনো possessive pronoun কোনো noun-এর আগে বসে adjective-এর মতো কার্য সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Distributive adjective বলে|
যেমন: This is your purse. That is her glass.
কয়েকটি adjective-এর ভিন্ন ভিন্ন প্রয়োগ:
Many: এটি Plural countable noun-এর আগে বসে। এটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক।
যেমন: Many boys were present in the party.
Many bananas were bought.
Much : এটি Material singular noun কে বোঝায় এবং পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে।
যেমন: Runa drank much water.
Iqbal has much money.
Many a: এটি Singular countable noun-এর আগে বসে।
যেমন: Many a man died of cholera.
Many a person went there.
A great many : এটি Plural countable noun-এর আগে বসে। যেমন: A great many students were present.
A great many people joined the wedding party.
(e) Another, any other:
Another: এটি singular noun-এর আগে বসে।
যেমন: Another copy was needed.
Another patient came here yesterday.
Any other: এটি singular ও plural উভয় রকম noun কে বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: Luna is more talent than any other girl in the class.
He is stronger than any other man in the village.
Few, a few, the few:
Few: একটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক adjective। এটি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। ‘প্রায় নেই’ বললেই চলে অর্থে এর ব্যবহার হয়ে থাকে। যেমন: I have few story books. My friend has few colored pens.
A few: এটিও একটি সংখ্যা নির্দেশক, affirmative ভাব প্রকাশ করে এবং অল্প সংখ্যক বোঝাতে এটি ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: I have a few friends. My brother has a few caps.
The few: এটি affirmative ও negative উভয় ভাব প্রকাশ করে। অল্প সংখ্যক ‘কিন্তু সবগুলো’ এ অর্থে ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন: He sold the few lands he had.
Little, a little, the little:
Little: এটি পরিমাণ নির্দেশক negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। ‘কিছুই নেই’ অর্থে এটি ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: There is little water is the pond.
He takes little snacks at noon.
A little: এটি পরিমাণ নির্দেশক তবে সামান্য পরিমাণ বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: We have a little oil. The old man had a little land.
The little: এটি সামান্য পরিমাণ বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়। তবে সামান্য পরিমাণের সবটুকুকে বোঝাতেই The little sentence-এ ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: He left his home with the little money he had.
Comparison of Adjective
স্বাভাবিক অবস্থায় noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বোঝাতে এবং তুলনামূলক অবস্থায় noun বা pronoun-এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা বোঝাতে এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তন বা ভিন্নতা লক্ষ করা যায় তাকে Comparison of adjective বলে।
Rules of Right Form of Verbs for JSC Exam
Right Form of Verbs
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, শুভেচ্ছা নিয়ো। আজ ইংরেজি দ্বিতীয় পত্রের ১ নম্বর প্রশ্ন অর্থাৎ Right Form of Verbs-এর কয়েকটি নিয়ম আলোচনা করব। এই প্রশ্নে মোট পাঁচটি শূন্যস্থান (with clue/without clue) থাকে এবং নম্বর থাকে ৫। এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর পারতে হলে তোমাদের Person, Auxiliary Verbs, Tense, Voice, Headword ও Preposition-এর ওপর জোর দিতে হবে।
Rule-1 : Subject যদি third person ও singular number হয় এবং ওই বাক্যটি যদি Present indefinite tense হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যোগ হবে। যেমন:
(a) The boy (go) —school regularly.
(b) The boy does not (go) —school daily.
(c) The boy generally (go) — college at 8 a.m.
Ans: (a) goes to (b) go to (c) goes to
Try yourself:
(a) Mr. Khan (go) — abroad every month.
(b) His father (come) — home every week.
Rule-2 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য), Habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাহলে sentenceটি Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন:
(a) The earth (move) — round the sun.
(b) The sun (rise) — the east.
(c) The sun (set) — the west.
Ans: (a) moves (b) rises in (c) sets in
Try yourself :
(a) We know that Ice (float) — water.
(b) The teacher said that the earth (be) — round.
Rule-3 : যেসব Sentence-এ কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকে না এবং মাঝেমধ্যে generally, usually, ordinarily, normally, always, sometimes, often, daily, everyday, regularly ব্যবহূত হয় সেগুলো Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন:
(a) Sabiha (learn) — her lessons regularly.
(b) He always (disturb) — the students.
(c) A good student (learn) — his lessons regularly.
Ans. (a) learns (b) disturbs (c) learns
Try yourself :
(a) Rahman very often (come) — me.
(b) Does he (read) — the newspaper daily?
Rule-4: Sentenceটি Active Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে present form হয়। যেমন:
(a) The boy can (work out) — the sum.
(b) He could not (eat) — all the mangoes.
(c) You must (do) — your duty properly.
Ans: (a) workout (b) eat (c) do
Try yourself:
(a) It may (rain) — today.
(b) One should (take) — care of one’s health.
Rule-5 : Sentenceটি Passive Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে be+Past participle হয়। যেমন:
(a) The work can (do) — immediately.
(b) All the mangoes could (eat) — .
(c) Your duty must (perform) — very soon.
Ans: (a) be done (b) be eaten (c) be performed
Try yourself :
(a) It can not (deny) — .
(b) The English book will (buy) — tomorrow.
Rule-6 : Let, had rather, had better, would better, do not, does not, need not, did not, did never ইত্যাদির পরে present form হয়। যেমন:
(a) I let the other boys (use)my skates.
(b) I had better (go)home by this time.
(c) I need not (do)the work.
Ans. (a) use (b) go (c) do
Try yourself :
(a) He did not (go)college yesterday.
(b) He does not (like)student politics.
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, শুভেচ্ছা নিয়ো। আজ ইংরেজি দ্বিতীয় পত্রের ১ নম্বর প্রশ্ন অর্থাৎ Right Form of Verbs-এর কয়েকটি নিয়ম আলোচনা করব। এই প্রশ্নে মোট পাঁচটি শূন্যস্থান (with clue/without clue) থাকে এবং নম্বর থাকে ৫। এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর পারতে হলে তোমাদের Person, Auxiliary Verbs, Tense, Voice, Headword ও Preposition-এর ওপর জোর দিতে হবে।
Rule-1 : Subject যদি third person ও singular number হয় এবং ওই বাক্যটি যদি Present indefinite tense হয়, তবে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যোগ হবে। যেমন:
(a) The boy (go) —school regularly.
(b) The boy does not (go) —school daily.
(c) The boy generally (go) — college at 8 a.m.
Ans: (a) goes to (b) go to (c) goes to
Try yourself:
(a) Mr. Khan (go) — abroad every month.
(b) His father (come) — home every week.
Rule-2 : Sentence যদি universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য), Habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাহলে sentenceটি Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন:
(a) The earth (move) — round the sun.
(b) The sun (rise) — the east.
(c) The sun (set) — the west.
Ans: (a) moves (b) rises in (c) sets in
Try yourself :
(a) We know that Ice (float) — water.
(b) The teacher said that the earth (be) — round.
Rule-3 : যেসব Sentence-এ কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকে না এবং মাঝেমধ্যে generally, usually, ordinarily, normally, always, sometimes, often, daily, everyday, regularly ব্যবহূত হয় সেগুলো Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন:
(a) Sabiha (learn) — her lessons regularly.
(b) He always (disturb) — the students.
(c) A good student (learn) — his lessons regularly.
Ans. (a) learns (b) disturbs (c) learns
Try yourself :
(a) Rahman very often (come) — me.
(b) Does he (read) — the newspaper daily?
Rule-4: Sentenceটি Active Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে present form হয়। যেমন:
(a) The boy can (work out) — the sum.
(b) He could not (eat) — all the mangoes.
(c) You must (do) — your duty properly.
Ans: (a) workout (b) eat (c) do
Try yourself:
(a) It may (rain) — today.
(b) One should (take) — care of one’s health.
Rule-5 : Sentenceটি Passive Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে be+Past participle হয়। যেমন:
(a) The work can (do) — immediately.
(b) All the mangoes could (eat) — .
(c) Your duty must (perform) — very soon.
Ans: (a) be done (b) be eaten (c) be performed
Try yourself :
(a) It can not (deny) — .
(b) The English book will (buy) — tomorrow.
Rule-6 : Let, had rather, had better, would better, do not, does not, need not, did not, did never ইত্যাদির পরে present form হয়। যেমন:
(a) I let the other boys (use)my skates.
(b) I had better (go)home by this time.
(c) I need not (do)the work.
Ans. (a) use (b) go (c) do
Try yourself :
(a) He did not (go)college yesterday.
(b) He does not (like)student politics.
Preposition for JSC Exam
Preposition : ‘Pre’ অর্থ পূর্বে, ‘Position’ অর্থ অবস্থান। সাধারণত বিশেষ
কিছু শব্দ noun বা pronoun বা noun phrase-এর আগে বসে বাক্যের অন্যান্য
শব্দের সঙ্গে সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে। এই শব্দগুলোকে preposition বলে।
Example:
1. Rahim goes to Dhaka.
prep. noun
2. Shut the door after you.
prep. pron.
3. We fly between Rome and Paris twice daily.
prep. noun phrase
Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition.
1
Every one desires a)- wealth. But a few attain it. Some people hanker b)- riches. Some are content c)-what they have. True happiness lies d)-contentment. It is high time we gave e)-the habit of covetousness.
2
Today man has been suffering a)-various dieses. And there is no remedy b)-some fatal disease. So man is subject c)- decay and death. One day he will depart d) - this world. There he cannot live e) - a long time
3
The Olympic Games were named a) -the town of Olympia in Greece. In those days Greece was divided b)-many cities. They used to fight c)- themselves. A man named Iphitos was concerned d) - such wasteful strife’s. He hit e) - a plan to set up peace in the country. His plan worked well.
Preposition-এর সঠিক উত্তর:
(1) a. for, b. after c. with d. in e. up
(2) a. from b. for c. to d. from e. for
(3) a. after b. into c. among
d. about e. upon.
লক্ষণীয়: By a doer, with an instrument আগে আলোচিত সাধারণ নিয়মের ব্যতিক্রম। ‘Blasted by an atom bomb’ ‘governed by the rules’ ‘died by poison’ ‘destroyed by fire’ ইত্যাদি বাক্যে by আসলে appropriate preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
1. At, in: বড় স্থান বা সময়ের আগে in এবং ছোট স্থান বা সময়ের পূর্বে at বসে। যেমন:
(a) My friends lives at Nurpur in Rangpur.
(b) Usually I get up from bed at 6 a.m. in the morning.
লক্ষণীয়: সময়ের আগে in ব্যবহার করলে তারপর the বসে। কিন্তু at ব্যবহার করলে the বসে না।
2. In: অবস্থায়, অবস্থানে, স্থানে, ভাবে, মধ্যে, সময়ে এরূপ অর্থ বুঝাতে in বসে। যেমন:
(a) The students are in the room.
(b) Sajal succeeded in life in difficulties.
(c) Uzzal is in the midst way to school.
(e) Ovi serves in the army.
3. In, into –In দিয়ে আগে থেকে অবস্থান এবং into দিয়ে বাহির থেকে ভেতরের দিকে গতি বা অবস্থার পরিবর্তন বোঝায়। যেমন: (a) The chair is in the room.
(b) He is putting the pen into his pocket.
4. In, on, to –সীমান্তের ভেতরে হলে in ওপরে হলে on এবং বাহিরে হলে to বসে।
যেমন: (a) Comilla is in the east of Bangladesh.
(b) Tripura is on the east of Bangladesh.
5. In, after : অতীত কালের ব্যাপক সময় বুঝাতে (period of time) past tense-এ after এবং ভবিষ্যৎ কালের নির্দিষ্ট সময় (pint of time) in বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: (a) My friend will come from London in a week.
(b) He returned after two months.
6. On: ওপরে, ভাবে, অবস্থায়, কাজে, তে, তীরে, স্থানে, প্রতি, খেয়ে বাঁচা বোঝাতে on বসে। যেমন:
(a) The ball is on the table.
(b) The car is on hire.
(c) The cow live on grass.
(d) Dhaka stands on the Buriganga.
(e) This bike is on trail.
7. On, over : লাগালাগি অবস্থায় ওপরে বুঝালে over এবং একটু ফাঁকা রেখে ওপরে বুঝালে on ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
(a) The book is on the table.
(b) The fan is over the head.
9. Since, from, for: নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে since বা from এবং ব্যাপক সময়ের আগে for বসে। Since দ্বারা শুধু অতীতের নির্দিষ্ট সময় এবং from দ্বারা সব tense এর সময় বোঝায়। Since-এর আগে সর্বদা perfect বা perfect continuous tense বসে। যেমন:
(a) It has been raining since morning.
(b) He has been ill for a month.
(c) It has been raining for two hours.
9. In, by, before: ভবিষ্যৎ কালের ব্যাপক সময়ের আগে in এবং নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে by বা before বসে। যেমন:
(a) I shall have finished reading the story book by or before 9 p.m.
(b) Habib will come in a month.
10. By, with: যে কাজ সম্পাদন করে তার আগে By এবং যার দ্বারা সম্পাদন করে তার আগে with বসে। যেমন:
(a) This poem was written by Kamal with a parker pen.
(b) The snake was killed by me with a stick.
Example:
1. Rahim goes to Dhaka.
prep. noun
2. Shut the door after you.
prep. pron.
3. We fly between Rome and Paris twice daily.
prep. noun phrase
Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition.
1
Every one desires a)- wealth. But a few attain it. Some people hanker b)- riches. Some are content c)-what they have. True happiness lies d)-contentment. It is high time we gave e)-the habit of covetousness.
2
Today man has been suffering a)-various dieses. And there is no remedy b)-some fatal disease. So man is subject c)- decay and death. One day he will depart d) - this world. There he cannot live e) - a long time
3
The Olympic Games were named a) -the town of Olympia in Greece. In those days Greece was divided b)-many cities. They used to fight c)- themselves. A man named Iphitos was concerned d) - such wasteful strife’s. He hit e) - a plan to set up peace in the country. His plan worked well.
Preposition-এর সঠিক উত্তর:
(1) a. for, b. after c. with d. in e. up
(2) a. from b. for c. to d. from e. for
(3) a. after b. into c. among
d. about e. upon.
লক্ষণীয়: By a doer, with an instrument আগে আলোচিত সাধারণ নিয়মের ব্যতিক্রম। ‘Blasted by an atom bomb’ ‘governed by the rules’ ‘died by poison’ ‘destroyed by fire’ ইত্যাদি বাক্যে by আসলে appropriate preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়।
1. At, in: বড় স্থান বা সময়ের আগে in এবং ছোট স্থান বা সময়ের পূর্বে at বসে। যেমন:
(a) My friends lives at Nurpur in Rangpur.
(b) Usually I get up from bed at 6 a.m. in the morning.
লক্ষণীয়: সময়ের আগে in ব্যবহার করলে তারপর the বসে। কিন্তু at ব্যবহার করলে the বসে না।
2. In: অবস্থায়, অবস্থানে, স্থানে, ভাবে, মধ্যে, সময়ে এরূপ অর্থ বুঝাতে in বসে। যেমন:
(a) The students are in the room.
(b) Sajal succeeded in life in difficulties.
(c) Uzzal is in the midst way to school.
(e) Ovi serves in the army.
3. In, into –In দিয়ে আগে থেকে অবস্থান এবং into দিয়ে বাহির থেকে ভেতরের দিকে গতি বা অবস্থার পরিবর্তন বোঝায়। যেমন: (a) The chair is in the room.
(b) He is putting the pen into his pocket.
4. In, on, to –সীমান্তের ভেতরে হলে in ওপরে হলে on এবং বাহিরে হলে to বসে।
যেমন: (a) Comilla is in the east of Bangladesh.
(b) Tripura is on the east of Bangladesh.
5. In, after : অতীত কালের ব্যাপক সময় বুঝাতে (period of time) past tense-এ after এবং ভবিষ্যৎ কালের নির্দিষ্ট সময় (pint of time) in বোঝাতে ব্যবহূত হয়।
যেমন: (a) My friend will come from London in a week.
(b) He returned after two months.
6. On: ওপরে, ভাবে, অবস্থায়, কাজে, তে, তীরে, স্থানে, প্রতি, খেয়ে বাঁচা বোঝাতে on বসে। যেমন:
(a) The ball is on the table.
(b) The car is on hire.
(c) The cow live on grass.
(d) Dhaka stands on the Buriganga.
(e) This bike is on trail.
7. On, over : লাগালাগি অবস্থায় ওপরে বুঝালে over এবং একটু ফাঁকা রেখে ওপরে বুঝালে on ব্যবহূত হয়। যেমন:
(a) The book is on the table.
(b) The fan is over the head.
9. Since, from, for: নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে since বা from এবং ব্যাপক সময়ের আগে for বসে। Since দ্বারা শুধু অতীতের নির্দিষ্ট সময় এবং from দ্বারা সব tense এর সময় বোঝায়। Since-এর আগে সর্বদা perfect বা perfect continuous tense বসে। যেমন:
(a) It has been raining since morning.
(b) He has been ill for a month.
(c) It has been raining for two hours.
9. In, by, before: ভবিষ্যৎ কালের ব্যাপক সময়ের আগে in এবং নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে by বা before বসে। যেমন:
(a) I shall have finished reading the story book by or before 9 p.m.
(b) Habib will come in a month.
10. By, with: যে কাজ সম্পাদন করে তার আগে By এবং যার দ্বারা সম্পাদন করে তার আগে with বসে। যেমন:
(a) This poem was written by Kamal with a parker pen.
(b) The snake was killed by me with a stick.
Rules of Prepositon for JSC Exam
Preposition Part-1
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের NCTB কর্তৃক প্রণীত সিলেবাসের Grammar item নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করলে তোমরা Simple Preposition partটি আয়ত্ত করতে সক্ষম হবে।
Preposition বা সম্বন্ধসূচক অব্যয়: যে Word কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর আগে বসে ওই Noun বা Pronoun-এর সঙ্গে বাক্যের অন্য Word-এর সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করে তাকে Preposition বলে।
যেমন: at, in, on, to, over, by, for, of, from, above, across, with, under, near, beneath, without, after, among, between, etc.
তোমাদের জানার সুবিধার্থে নিচে preposition-এর প্রকারভেদ ও কোন preposition কোন প্রকারে ব্যবহূত হয়ে থাকে তা তুলে ধরা হলো।
Kinds of prepositions :
1. Simple preposition : একটি মাত্র word দ্বারা গঠিত preposition হলো simple preposition । যেমন: (a) At, by, on, with এই preposition গুলো হলো স্থিতি বাচক ক্রিয়া বা verbs indication rest in place-এর পরে বসে। যেমন : Rana is standing at the door now.
(b) To, from, for, of, through ও up এই preposition গুলো গতিবাচক ক্রিয়া বা verbs showing motion এর পরে বসে। যেমন: Raju comes from his village.
2. Double preposition : যখন দুটি Simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি একক preposition-এর ন্যায় ব্যবহূত হয় তখন তা হলো double preposition. যেমন: in+to=into, with+in=within, on+to=onto, with+out=without, up+on=upon, out+of=out of ইত্যাদি।
3. Compound Preposition : Noun বা Adjective বা Adverb-এর আগে simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যে preposition গঠিত হয় তা হলো Compound preposition বলে।
4. Participle Preposition: Present participle বা past participle যদি preposition-এর মতো ব্যবহূত হয় তখন তা participle preposition. যেমন: Concerning, considering, judging, regarding, respecting ইত্যাদি participle preposition রূপে বসতে পারে। Considering the circumstances you are right.
5. Phrase Preposition: দুই বা ততোধিক word-এর মিলনে গঠিত phrase যদি একটিমাত্র preposition -এর ন্যায় ব্যবহূত হয় তবে তা prepositional phrase বা phrasal preposition যেমন: On account of, on the point of, in front of, in spite of, by means of, by dint of, for the sake of, in order to.
6. Disguised Preposition: কখনো কখনো on, in ও of-এর পরিবর্তে a এবং o ব্যবহূত হয় এবং word-এর শুরুতে বসে। এরূপ preposition হলো Disguised preposition বা ছদ্মবেশী যেমন: a hunting, ashore, ahead = a = on অর্থাৎ এখানে on পরিবর্তে a ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(a) Now, it is four o’clock. (o = of)
(b) Rana goes there once a week. (in a week)
7. Detached Preposition : Interrogative Preposition, Relative Pronoun এবং Interrogative adverbs-এর সঙ্গে সম্পর্কযুক্ত prepositions এদের আগে না বসে sentence-এর শেষে বসে। তখন এ ধরনের prepositions কে Detached Preposition বলে। যেমন:
(a) What are you looking for?
(b) Where did you come from?
(c) What are you talking about?
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রের NCTB কর্তৃক প্রণীত সিলেবাসের Grammar item নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করলে তোমরা Simple Preposition partটি আয়ত্ত করতে সক্ষম হবে।
Preposition বা সম্বন্ধসূচক অব্যয়: যে Word কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর আগে বসে ওই Noun বা Pronoun-এর সঙ্গে বাক্যের অন্য Word-এর সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করে তাকে Preposition বলে।
যেমন: at, in, on, to, over, by, for, of, from, above, across, with, under, near, beneath, without, after, among, between, etc.
তোমাদের জানার সুবিধার্থে নিচে preposition-এর প্রকারভেদ ও কোন preposition কোন প্রকারে ব্যবহূত হয়ে থাকে তা তুলে ধরা হলো।
Kinds of prepositions :
1. Simple preposition : একটি মাত্র word দ্বারা গঠিত preposition হলো simple preposition । যেমন: (a) At, by, on, with এই preposition গুলো হলো স্থিতি বাচক ক্রিয়া বা verbs indication rest in place-এর পরে বসে। যেমন : Rana is standing at the door now.
(b) To, from, for, of, through ও up এই preposition গুলো গতিবাচক ক্রিয়া বা verbs showing motion এর পরে বসে। যেমন: Raju comes from his village.
2. Double preposition : যখন দুটি Simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি একক preposition-এর ন্যায় ব্যবহূত হয় তখন তা হলো double preposition. যেমন: in+to=into, with+in=within, on+to=onto, with+out=without, up+on=upon, out+of=out of ইত্যাদি।
3. Compound Preposition : Noun বা Adjective বা Adverb-এর আগে simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যে preposition গঠিত হয় তা হলো Compound preposition বলে।
4. Participle Preposition: Present participle বা past participle যদি preposition-এর মতো ব্যবহূত হয় তখন তা participle preposition. যেমন: Concerning, considering, judging, regarding, respecting ইত্যাদি participle preposition রূপে বসতে পারে। Considering the circumstances you are right.
5. Phrase Preposition: দুই বা ততোধিক word-এর মিলনে গঠিত phrase যদি একটিমাত্র preposition -এর ন্যায় ব্যবহূত হয় তবে তা prepositional phrase বা phrasal preposition যেমন: On account of, on the point of, in front of, in spite of, by means of, by dint of, for the sake of, in order to.
6. Disguised Preposition: কখনো কখনো on, in ও of-এর পরিবর্তে a এবং o ব্যবহূত হয় এবং word-এর শুরুতে বসে। এরূপ preposition হলো Disguised preposition বা ছদ্মবেশী যেমন: a hunting, ashore, ahead = a = on অর্থাৎ এখানে on পরিবর্তে a ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(a) Now, it is four o’clock. (o = of)
(b) Rana goes there once a week. (in a week)
7. Detached Preposition : Interrogative Preposition, Relative Pronoun এবং Interrogative adverbs-এর সঙ্গে সম্পর্কযুক্ত prepositions এদের আগে না বসে sentence-এর শেষে বসে। তখন এ ধরনের prepositions কে Detached Preposition বলে। যেমন:
(a) What are you looking for?
(b) Where did you come from?
(c) What are you talking about?
Transformation of degree
Transformation
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি দ্বিতীয় পত্রের Grammar অংশের Transformation of sentences নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
শুরুতেই Transformation of degree নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। এ জন্য আমি কতগুলো rules উপস্থাপন করেছি। এ ছাড়া তোমাদের শেখা rule-গুলো যাতে সঠিকভাবে প্রয়োগ করতে পার, সে জন্য প্রতিটি rule-এর সমর্থনে example ও exercise দেওয়া হয়েছে। এই exercise-গুলো সঠিকভাবে অনুশীলন করলে সহজেই Transformation of degree আয়ত্ত করা যাবে।
Transformation of degrees
কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে দোষ-গুণের তুলনাকে Degree বলে।
Degree তিন প্রকার। যথা:
(i) Positive degree
(ii) Comparative degree
(iii) Superlative degree
Positive degree : যখন কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝায় না, তখন adjective-এর positive degree হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে adjective-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Example : He is tall.
Comparative degree : যখন দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝায়, তখন adjective-এর Comparative degree হয়।
Example: He is taller than I.
Superlative degree : যখন দুয়ের অধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়, তখন adjective-এর Superlative degree হয়।
Example : He is the tallest boy in the class.
Superlative to Positive
Rule 1: Nilima is the best girl in the class. এরূপ Superlative degree-এর Sentence-কে Positive degree-তে পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Sentence-এর প্রথমে no other বসে + adjective-এর শেষের অংশ + verb + as + adjective-এর superlative degree-কে positive degree-তে রূপান্তর করতে হবে + as + subject বসবে।
Super : Karim is the oldest man in the village.
Positive : No other man in the village is as old as Karim.
Note : Superlative degree-এর পরে যদি of all বা of any থাকে, তাহলে অন্য সব নিয়ম অপরিবর্তিত থাকে, শুধু of all বা of any উঠে যায়।
Super : The Padma is the largest of all rivers in Bangladesh.
Positive : No other river in Bangladesh is as large as the Padma.
Rule 2 : One of the যুক্ত superlative degree-কে positive করার সময় one of the-এর পরিবর্তে শুধু sentence-এর প্রথমে few বা very few বসে এবং verb-এর plural form বসে।
Super : Nazrul is one of the greatest poets of Bangladesh
Positive : Very few poets of Bangladesh are as great as Nazrul.
Exercise for practise:
1. Mr. Taher is the noblest person in our village.
2. Gold is one of the most precious metals.
3. The Arabian Nights is the most popular of all stories.
Comparative to positive
Rule 1: Karim is wiser than Rahim.
এরূপ than যুক্ত comparative degree-এর sentence-কে positive degree-তে রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Than-এর পরের অংশ + verb + not (যদি sentence-টি affirmative হয়, কিন্তু sentence-টি negative হলে not উঠে যায়) + so/as + adjective-এর positive form +as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের প্রথম noun/pronoun।
Comparative : Karim is wiser than Rahim.
Positive : Rahim is not so wise as Karim.
Rule 2: Than any other/all other যুক্ত comparative degree-এর sentence-কে positive করতে হলে—
প্রথমে no other বসে + any other/all other-এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + adjective-এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের subject বসে।
Comparative : Tamal is more intelligent than all other boys in the class.
Positive : No other boy in the class is so intelligent as Tamal.
Rule 3 : Than most/few other যুক্ত comparative form-কে positive করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
very few + most other/few other-এর পরের অংশ + verb-এর plural form + as/so + adjective-এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের subject.
Comparative : Iron is more useful than most other metals.
Positive : Very few metals are as useful as iron.
Rule 4 : No less/not less...than যুক্ত comparative-কে positive করতে হলে নিচের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
subject + verb + no less/not less-এর পরিবর্তে as + adjective-এর positive form + as + than-এর পরের অংশ।
Comparative : He is not less strong than you.
Positive : He is as strong as you.
Exercise for practise
1. This box is heavier than that.
2. The Sonargaon is more expensive than most other hotels.
প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থীরা, আজ ইংরেজি দ্বিতীয় পত্রের Grammar অংশের Transformation of sentences নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
শুরুতেই Transformation of degree নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। এ জন্য আমি কতগুলো rules উপস্থাপন করেছি। এ ছাড়া তোমাদের শেখা rule-গুলো যাতে সঠিকভাবে প্রয়োগ করতে পার, সে জন্য প্রতিটি rule-এর সমর্থনে example ও exercise দেওয়া হয়েছে। এই exercise-গুলো সঠিকভাবে অনুশীলন করলে সহজেই Transformation of degree আয়ত্ত করা যাবে।
Transformation of degrees
কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে দোষ-গুণের তুলনাকে Degree বলে।
Degree তিন প্রকার। যথা:
(i) Positive degree
(ii) Comparative degree
(iii) Superlative degree
Positive degree : যখন কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝায় না, তখন adjective-এর positive degree হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে adjective-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Example : He is tall.
Comparative degree : যখন দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝায়, তখন adjective-এর Comparative degree হয়।
Example: He is taller than I.
Superlative degree : যখন দুয়ের অধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়, তখন adjective-এর Superlative degree হয়।
Example : He is the tallest boy in the class.
Superlative to Positive
Rule 1: Nilima is the best girl in the class. এরূপ Superlative degree-এর Sentence-কে Positive degree-তে পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিচের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Sentence-এর প্রথমে no other বসে + adjective-এর শেষের অংশ + verb + as + adjective-এর superlative degree-কে positive degree-তে রূপান্তর করতে হবে + as + subject বসবে।
Super : Karim is the oldest man in the village.
Positive : No other man in the village is as old as Karim.
Note : Superlative degree-এর পরে যদি of all বা of any থাকে, তাহলে অন্য সব নিয়ম অপরিবর্তিত থাকে, শুধু of all বা of any উঠে যায়।
Super : The Padma is the largest of all rivers in Bangladesh.
Positive : No other river in Bangladesh is as large as the Padma.
Rule 2 : One of the যুক্ত superlative degree-কে positive করার সময় one of the-এর পরিবর্তে শুধু sentence-এর প্রথমে few বা very few বসে এবং verb-এর plural form বসে।
Super : Nazrul is one of the greatest poets of Bangladesh
Positive : Very few poets of Bangladesh are as great as Nazrul.
Exercise for practise:
1. Mr. Taher is the noblest person in our village.
2. Gold is one of the most precious metals.
3. The Arabian Nights is the most popular of all stories.
Comparative to positive
Rule 1: Karim is wiser than Rahim.
এরূপ than যুক্ত comparative degree-এর sentence-কে positive degree-তে রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Than-এর পরের অংশ + verb + not (যদি sentence-টি affirmative হয়, কিন্তু sentence-টি negative হলে not উঠে যায়) + so/as + adjective-এর positive form +as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের প্রথম noun/pronoun।
Comparative : Karim is wiser than Rahim.
Positive : Rahim is not so wise as Karim.
Rule 2: Than any other/all other যুক্ত comparative degree-এর sentence-কে positive করতে হলে—
প্রথমে no other বসে + any other/all other-এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + adjective-এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের subject বসে।
Comparative : Tamal is more intelligent than all other boys in the class.
Positive : No other boy in the class is so intelligent as Tamal.
Rule 3 : Than most/few other যুক্ত comparative form-কে positive করতে হলে নিচের নিয়মটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
very few + most other/few other-এর পরের অংশ + verb-এর plural form + as/so + adjective-এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের subject.
Comparative : Iron is more useful than most other metals.
Positive : Very few metals are as useful as iron.
Rule 4 : No less/not less...than যুক্ত comparative-কে positive করতে হলে নিচের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
subject + verb + no less/not less-এর পরিবর্তে as + adjective-এর positive form + as + than-এর পরের অংশ।
Comparative : He is not less strong than you.
Positive : He is as strong as you.
Exercise for practise
1. This box is heavier than that.
2. The Sonargaon is more expensive than most other hotels.
The way to write a dialogue
Dialogue writing
Part-B (Composition)-এর Dialogue/ Dialog writing নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। এটি ১২ নম্বর প্রশ্নে থাকে। এতে নম্বর হলো ১০। এসএসসি কিংবা অন্যান্য পরীক্ষার ক্ষেত্রেও ১০ নম্বরের ডায়ালগটি ১০ জোড়া প্রশ্নোত্তর সংবলিত হতে হবে। অবশ্য একটি সুন্দর, প্রাঞ্জল, অর্থপূর্ণ সর্বোপরি বিষয়ের সঙ্গে প্রাসঙ্গিক একটি ডায়ালগ অবশ্যই কাঙ্ক্ষিত নম্বর এনে দিতে পারবে। প্রতিটি বিষয়ের ওপর লিখতে হলে আগে জানতে হবে এর ভাবগত, বিষয়গত অর্থ কী এবং কীভাবে এটিকে সুন্দর ভাষায় লেখা যায়।
Dialogue ইংরেজি শব্দ। এর বাংলা পরিভাষা হিসেবে ‘কথোপকথন’ শব্দটি গৃহীত হয়েছে। এর literally meaning হলো Talk between two people (w & m) বাংলায় দাঁড়ায় দুই ব্যক্তির মধ্যে কথোপকথন। Dialogue-এর spelling British এবং American Style ভিন্ন। British spelling হলো dialogue এবং American spelling হলো dialog. আমরা এ লেখায় British spellingটিই follow করছি। কারণ, এটি বহুল পরিচিত। dialogueকে শাব্দিক বিশ্লেষণ করলে দুটো অংশ পাওয়া যায় ‘Dia’, যার অর্থ ‘দুই’ এবং ‘logue’, যার অর্থ হলো আলাপ। তাহলে w & m-এর definitionকে আর একটু ভেয়ে বললে তা দাঁড়ায়, দুই ব্যক্তির মধ্যে কোনো ‘Topic’ বা Subject-এর ওপর ভিত্তি করে কথোপকথন। dialogue-এর মাধ্যমে কোনো ভাষা অনায়াসে আয়ত্ত করা যায়।
Dialogue writing-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য
# ডায়ালগটি শ্রুতিমধুর হবে। # প্রাসঙ্গিক হবে। # স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত বা প্রাঞ্জল হবে। # তথ্যবহুল হবে। # ভাষা হবে সহজ।
# শিক্ষামূলক বা যেকোনো তথ্য অবশ্যই গঠনমূলক হবে।
# ডায়ালগ লেখা শুরু করার আগে অবশ্যই নির্ধারিত বিষয়বস্তুটির বিভিন্ন দিক ভালোভাবে ভেবে নিতে হবে। এ ক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই লেখকের মধ্যে সামান্য পরিমাণে হলেও নাট্যগুণ থাকতে হবে। কারণ, শুধু তাঁকে প্রশ্নগুলো নিয়ে ভাবলেই হবে না, তাঁর নিজেকে imaginer person হয়ে ডুবে যেতে হবে এতে। তাই উত্তরের মধ্যেও প্রশ্নের কী উদ্দেশ্য বোঝানো হচ্ছে, তা অনুসরণ করতে হবে। তাই একেকটি বিষয়ের যুক্তি একেকজন বক্তার মাধ্যমে প্রকাশ করতে হবে।
সএসসি কিংবা অন্যান্য পরীক্ষার ক্ষেত্রেও ১০ নম্বরের ডায়ালগটি ১০ জোড়া প্রশ্নোত্তর সংবলিত হতে হবে। অবশ্য একটি সুন্দর, প্রাঞ্জল, অর্থপূর্ণ সর্বোপরি বিষয়ের সঙ্গে প্রাসঙ্গিক একটি ডায়ালগ অবশ্যই কাঙ্ক্ষিত নম্বর এনে দিতে পারবে। প্রতিটি বিষয়ের ওপর লিখতে হলে আগে জানতে হবে এর ভাবগত, বিষয়গত অর্থ কী এবং কীভাবে এটিকে সুন্দর ভাষায় লেখা যায়।
# Dialogue-এর বাক্য হবে সংক্ষিপ্ত, সুস্পষ্ট এবং যথার্থ।
# Dialogue-এ অবশ্যই লেখকের চিন্তা এবং বিষয়ের মধ্যে সমন্বিত ধারাবাহিকতা ও প্রাসঙ্গিকতা বজায় থাকতে হবে।
# Dialogue-এর ভাষা, বক্তব্যের ধরন এবং এতে অংশগ্রহণকারী ব্যক্তির ওপর নির্ভর করে। যেমন : A dialogue between a teacher and a student, A dialogue between two friends or A dialogue between two strangers কখনোই এক হবে না, ধরন ভিন্ন হওয়াই স্বাভাবিক।
# Dialogue শুরু করার সময় অবশ্যই শুভেচ্ছা বিনিময় এবং সম্বোধন করতে হবে।
# তা শেষও করতে হবে ধন্যবাদজ্ঞাপক শব্দ বা বিদায়সূচক শব্দ দিয়ে।
# গুরুগম্ভীর কোনো ভাষা Dialogue-এ প্রয়োগ না করাই শ্রেয়।
# Questions এবং Possible Answers সংক্ষিপ্ত হওয়াই ভালো।
# Dialogue-এ বক্তার নাম ও কথাকে কোলন (:) চিহ্ন দিয়ে আলাদা করতে হবে।
মনে রাখতে হবে, Conversation (আলাপচারিতা) এবং Dialogue (কথোপকথন) কিন্তু ভিন্ন ধরনের। Conversation কোনো নির্দিষ্ট বিষয় দ্বারা সীমাবদ্ধ নয়। কিন্তু Conversation একটি নির্দিষ্ট বিষয়ের ওপর Q/A-এর মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ।
# Dialogue-এ ভাষার Contracted (short) form use করাই ভালো।
Dialogue লেখার পদ্ধতি
Dialogue সাধারণত Hi, Hellow, Hello, Hallow, Oh, etc. attractive and addressing word দিয়ে শুরু করা হয়।
Example :
Mahi : Hi, Mohua, How’re you?
Mohua : Fine, and you?
Syem : Hello, Mohua, How are you?
Mila : I’m fine, and you?
2. Between two strangers (দুজন অপরিচিত ব্যক্তির মধ্যে Dialogue শুরু হবে Excuse me, I’m sorry etc দিয়ে।
Example : Stranger/Foreigner: Excuse me. Would you please help me to tell the way to the National Museum/a hotel.
Myself: Yes/Yes. tell me. Which hotel are you finding?/Please go straight first and turn left.
Dialog writing নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
৩. সম্ভাষণ জানাতে morning-noon (সকাল থেকে দুপুর)-এর আগ পর্যন্ত good morning বলতে/লিখতে হয়। দুপুরে good noon এবং দুপুরের পর থেকে good evening বলতে/লিখতে হয়।
Student: Good morning sir/teacher.
Teacher: Good morning/very good morning.
দিনে বিদায় জানাতে বলা যায়, good day. Have a good day. রাতে বিদায় জানাতে বলা যায়, good night. সাধারণভাবে বিদায় জানাতে হয় good bye বলে/লিখে।
Example : Rana: Good bye, Ripa.
Ripa: Good bye, take care of yourself.
কারও কাছ থেকে কোনো বিষয়ের information নিলে বা কোনো সাহায্য নিলে তাকে ধন্যবাদ (thanks) জানাতে হয়। সে ক্ষেত্রে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় thank you, thanks a lot, many many thanks, thank you very much, thank you for your help etc.
আবার কেউ thanks জানালে ভদ্রতা বা বিনয় জানাতে তাকেও ধন্যবাদ জানাতে হয়। সে ক্ষেত্রে thank you also, welcome, you’re welcome, no mention ইত্যাদি বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example: Sporshaw: Thank you.
Mahi: Welcome.
or, Soprshaw: Thank for your help.
Mahi: No mention etc.
8. Dialogue-এর language হবে সহজ, সংক্ষিপ্ত এবং contracted form of language, যা আগেই বলা হয়েছে। Example : 1st stranger: Who are you?
2nd stranger: I’m a student.
9. Dialogue-এ question-এর answer অবশ্যই সংক্ষিপ্ত হবে। (আগে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে)
Example : Sargio: Where have you come from? Istiaq: From Shukrabad.
0. প্রশ্নও সংক্ষিপ্ত হতে হবে (পাল্টা প্রশ্ন)।
Example : Rimu: I couldn’t attend the class.
Riad: Why? Rimu: For headache...
11. কাউকে থামাতে, চুপ করতে বা ধমক দিতে বলা হয় বা লেখা হয় stop it/shut up.
12. কোনো বিষয়ে অনিচ্ছা বা অপারগতা প্রকাশ করতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয়- Sorry, I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
Example : Reya : How did you do such a bad thing?
Puspita: Sorry/I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
13. সম্মতি জানাতে লিখতে হয় sure/it, all right/of course.
Example : Mim: Spriha, can you help me please?
Jim: Sure/of course etc.
14. লজ্জা, ঘৃণা বা ধিক্কার জানাতে shame! shame!/fie! fie! বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Sarja: What an evil job you’ve done?
Shame! Shame!
Farja: Sorry/I’m extremely sorry for that.
15. Eid greetings জানাতে বলা/লেখা হয়।
Eid mubarak, Happy Eid Day. প্রতি উত্তরেও তাই বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Mahi: Eid Mubarak, Mohona.
Mohona: Eid Mubarak.
or Happy Eid Day.
16. নতুন বছরের কিংবা জন্মদিনের শুভেচ্ছা জানাতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় Happy New Year/Happy Birth day.
Example : Mohona: Happy New Year, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Happy New year.
or, Mohona: Happy Birth Day, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Welcome etc.
10. প্রশ্নও সংক্ষিপ্ত হতে হবে (পাল্টা প্রশ্ন)।
Example : Rimu: I couldn’t attend the class.
Riad: Why? Rimu: For headache...
11. কাউকে থামাতে, চুপ করতে বা ধমক দিতে বলা হয় বা লিখা হয় stop it/shut up.
12. কোনো বিষয়ে অনিচ্ছা বা অপরাগতা প্রকাশ করতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয়- Sorry, I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
Example : Reya : How did you do such a bad thing?
Puspita: Sorry/I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
13. সম্মতি জানাতে লিখতে হয় sure/it, all right/of course.
Example : Mim: Spriha, can you help me please?
Jim: Sure/of course etc.
14. লজ্জা, ঘৃণা বা ধিক্কার জানাতে shame! shame!/fie! fie! বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Sarja: What an evil job you’ve done?
Shame! Shame!
Farja: Sorry/I’m extremely sorry for that.
15. Eid greetings জানাতে বলা/লিখা হয়।
Eid mubarak, Happy Eid Day. প্রতি উত্তরেও তাই বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Mahi: Eid Mubarak, Mohona.
Mohona: Eid Mubarak. or happy Eid Day.
16. নতুন বছরের কিংবা জন্মদিনের শুভেচ্ছা জানাতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় Happy New Year/Happy Birth day.
Example : Mohona: Happy New Year, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Happy New year.
or, Mohona: Happy Birth Day, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Welcome etc.
# Some important dialogues have been given for practice:
Question: Suppose you Anik. Your friend Adnan knows a lot about air-pollution. Now write a dialogue between you and your friend on various effects and remedies of the problem.
Answer: A dialogue between Anik and Adnan about air-pollution.
Anik: Hello. Adnan, Are you seek?
Adnan: Yes, I’ve been suffering from bitter headache for two days.
Anik: Sorry, to disturb you but I need your help.
Adnan: Oh sure, tell me, what can I do for you?
Anik: I know, You know a lot about air-pollution.
Adnan: Well, look. air-pollution is responsible for occurring various destroying things.
Anik: Yes, for your headaches also. isn’t it?
Adnan: You’re right. At present a number of in crerable diseases are caused by air-pollution too.
Anik: You know its one of the greatest problems and threats to our environment. Am I right?
Adnan: Exactly. We can count smoke as the major pollutant of air.
Anik: why?
Adnan: In big cities and towns there are thousands of vehicles which cause air pollution burning disel and patrol.
Anik: Rapidly growing of over population is another reason for it in our country.
Adnan: Yes. Mills and factories, railway engines, powerhouse burn coal and oil which produce carbon monoxide and pollute it.
Anik: What do you think?
Adnan: I think so and I also think it’s high time we took proper steps to solve this problem.
Anik: How? Adnan: Planting more trees.
Anik: Yes. to stop air-pollution tree plantation must be in creased.
Adnan: Exactly. Thank you.
Anik: You are welcome. Bye.
Adnan: Bye.
Part-B (Composition)-এর Dialogue/ Dialog writing নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। এটি ১২ নম্বর প্রশ্নে থাকে। এতে নম্বর হলো ১০। এসএসসি কিংবা অন্যান্য পরীক্ষার ক্ষেত্রেও ১০ নম্বরের ডায়ালগটি ১০ জোড়া প্রশ্নোত্তর সংবলিত হতে হবে। অবশ্য একটি সুন্দর, প্রাঞ্জল, অর্থপূর্ণ সর্বোপরি বিষয়ের সঙ্গে প্রাসঙ্গিক একটি ডায়ালগ অবশ্যই কাঙ্ক্ষিত নম্বর এনে দিতে পারবে। প্রতিটি বিষয়ের ওপর লিখতে হলে আগে জানতে হবে এর ভাবগত, বিষয়গত অর্থ কী এবং কীভাবে এটিকে সুন্দর ভাষায় লেখা যায়।
Dialogue ইংরেজি শব্দ। এর বাংলা পরিভাষা হিসেবে ‘কথোপকথন’ শব্দটি গৃহীত হয়েছে। এর literally meaning হলো Talk between two people (w & m) বাংলায় দাঁড়ায় দুই ব্যক্তির মধ্যে কথোপকথন। Dialogue-এর spelling British এবং American Style ভিন্ন। British spelling হলো dialogue এবং American spelling হলো dialog. আমরা এ লেখায় British spellingটিই follow করছি। কারণ, এটি বহুল পরিচিত। dialogueকে শাব্দিক বিশ্লেষণ করলে দুটো অংশ পাওয়া যায় ‘Dia’, যার অর্থ ‘দুই’ এবং ‘logue’, যার অর্থ হলো আলাপ। তাহলে w & m-এর definitionকে আর একটু ভেয়ে বললে তা দাঁড়ায়, দুই ব্যক্তির মধ্যে কোনো ‘Topic’ বা Subject-এর ওপর ভিত্তি করে কথোপকথন। dialogue-এর মাধ্যমে কোনো ভাষা অনায়াসে আয়ত্ত করা যায়।
Dialogue writing-এর বৈশিষ্ট্য
# ডায়ালগটি শ্রুতিমধুর হবে। # প্রাসঙ্গিক হবে। # স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত বা প্রাঞ্জল হবে। # তথ্যবহুল হবে। # ভাষা হবে সহজ।
# শিক্ষামূলক বা যেকোনো তথ্য অবশ্যই গঠনমূলক হবে।
# ডায়ালগ লেখা শুরু করার আগে অবশ্যই নির্ধারিত বিষয়বস্তুটির বিভিন্ন দিক ভালোভাবে ভেবে নিতে হবে। এ ক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই লেখকের মধ্যে সামান্য পরিমাণে হলেও নাট্যগুণ থাকতে হবে। কারণ, শুধু তাঁকে প্রশ্নগুলো নিয়ে ভাবলেই হবে না, তাঁর নিজেকে imaginer person হয়ে ডুবে যেতে হবে এতে। তাই উত্তরের মধ্যেও প্রশ্নের কী উদ্দেশ্য বোঝানো হচ্ছে, তা অনুসরণ করতে হবে। তাই একেকটি বিষয়ের যুক্তি একেকজন বক্তার মাধ্যমে প্রকাশ করতে হবে।
সএসসি কিংবা অন্যান্য পরীক্ষার ক্ষেত্রেও ১০ নম্বরের ডায়ালগটি ১০ জোড়া প্রশ্নোত্তর সংবলিত হতে হবে। অবশ্য একটি সুন্দর, প্রাঞ্জল, অর্থপূর্ণ সর্বোপরি বিষয়ের সঙ্গে প্রাসঙ্গিক একটি ডায়ালগ অবশ্যই কাঙ্ক্ষিত নম্বর এনে দিতে পারবে। প্রতিটি বিষয়ের ওপর লিখতে হলে আগে জানতে হবে এর ভাবগত, বিষয়গত অর্থ কী এবং কীভাবে এটিকে সুন্দর ভাষায় লেখা যায়।
# Dialogue-এর বাক্য হবে সংক্ষিপ্ত, সুস্পষ্ট এবং যথার্থ।
# Dialogue-এ অবশ্যই লেখকের চিন্তা এবং বিষয়ের মধ্যে সমন্বিত ধারাবাহিকতা ও প্রাসঙ্গিকতা বজায় থাকতে হবে।
# Dialogue-এর ভাষা, বক্তব্যের ধরন এবং এতে অংশগ্রহণকারী ব্যক্তির ওপর নির্ভর করে। যেমন : A dialogue between a teacher and a student, A dialogue between two friends or A dialogue between two strangers কখনোই এক হবে না, ধরন ভিন্ন হওয়াই স্বাভাবিক।
# Dialogue শুরু করার সময় অবশ্যই শুভেচ্ছা বিনিময় এবং সম্বোধন করতে হবে।
# তা শেষও করতে হবে ধন্যবাদজ্ঞাপক শব্দ বা বিদায়সূচক শব্দ দিয়ে।
# গুরুগম্ভীর কোনো ভাষা Dialogue-এ প্রয়োগ না করাই শ্রেয়।
# Questions এবং Possible Answers সংক্ষিপ্ত হওয়াই ভালো।
# Dialogue-এ বক্তার নাম ও কথাকে কোলন (:) চিহ্ন দিয়ে আলাদা করতে হবে।
মনে রাখতে হবে, Conversation (আলাপচারিতা) এবং Dialogue (কথোপকথন) কিন্তু ভিন্ন ধরনের। Conversation কোনো নির্দিষ্ট বিষয় দ্বারা সীমাবদ্ধ নয়। কিন্তু Conversation একটি নির্দিষ্ট বিষয়ের ওপর Q/A-এর মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ।
# Dialogue-এ ভাষার Contracted (short) form use করাই ভালো।
Dialogue লেখার পদ্ধতি
Dialogue সাধারণত Hi, Hellow, Hello, Hallow, Oh, etc. attractive and addressing word দিয়ে শুরু করা হয়।
Example :
Mahi : Hi, Mohua, How’re you?
Mohua : Fine, and you?
Syem : Hello, Mohua, How are you?
Mila : I’m fine, and you?
2. Between two strangers (দুজন অপরিচিত ব্যক্তির মধ্যে Dialogue শুরু হবে Excuse me, I’m sorry etc দিয়ে।
Example : Stranger/Foreigner: Excuse me. Would you please help me to tell the way to the National Museum/a hotel.
Myself: Yes/Yes. tell me. Which hotel are you finding?/Please go straight first and turn left.
Dialog writing নিয়ে আলোচনা করব।
৩. সম্ভাষণ জানাতে morning-noon (সকাল থেকে দুপুর)-এর আগ পর্যন্ত good morning বলতে/লিখতে হয়। দুপুরে good noon এবং দুপুরের পর থেকে good evening বলতে/লিখতে হয়।
Student: Good morning sir/teacher.
Teacher: Good morning/very good morning.
দিনে বিদায় জানাতে বলা যায়, good day. Have a good day. রাতে বিদায় জানাতে বলা যায়, good night. সাধারণভাবে বিদায় জানাতে হয় good bye বলে/লিখে।
Example : Rana: Good bye, Ripa.
Ripa: Good bye, take care of yourself.
কারও কাছ থেকে কোনো বিষয়ের information নিলে বা কোনো সাহায্য নিলে তাকে ধন্যবাদ (thanks) জানাতে হয়। সে ক্ষেত্রে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় thank you, thanks a lot, many many thanks, thank you very much, thank you for your help etc.
আবার কেউ thanks জানালে ভদ্রতা বা বিনয় জানাতে তাকেও ধন্যবাদ জানাতে হয়। সে ক্ষেত্রে thank you also, welcome, you’re welcome, no mention ইত্যাদি বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example: Sporshaw: Thank you.
Mahi: Welcome.
or, Soprshaw: Thank for your help.
Mahi: No mention etc.
8. Dialogue-এর language হবে সহজ, সংক্ষিপ্ত এবং contracted form of language, যা আগেই বলা হয়েছে। Example : 1st stranger: Who are you?
2nd stranger: I’m a student.
9. Dialogue-এ question-এর answer অবশ্যই সংক্ষিপ্ত হবে। (আগে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে)
Example : Sargio: Where have you come from? Istiaq: From Shukrabad.
0. প্রশ্নও সংক্ষিপ্ত হতে হবে (পাল্টা প্রশ্ন)।
Example : Rimu: I couldn’t attend the class.
Riad: Why? Rimu: For headache...
11. কাউকে থামাতে, চুপ করতে বা ধমক দিতে বলা হয় বা লেখা হয় stop it/shut up.
12. কোনো বিষয়ে অনিচ্ছা বা অপারগতা প্রকাশ করতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয়- Sorry, I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
Example : Reya : How did you do such a bad thing?
Puspita: Sorry/I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
13. সম্মতি জানাতে লিখতে হয় sure/it, all right/of course.
Example : Mim: Spriha, can you help me please?
Jim: Sure/of course etc.
14. লজ্জা, ঘৃণা বা ধিক্কার জানাতে shame! shame!/fie! fie! বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Sarja: What an evil job you’ve done?
Shame! Shame!
Farja: Sorry/I’m extremely sorry for that.
15. Eid greetings জানাতে বলা/লেখা হয়।
Eid mubarak, Happy Eid Day. প্রতি উত্তরেও তাই বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Mahi: Eid Mubarak, Mohona.
Mohona: Eid Mubarak.
or Happy Eid Day.
16. নতুন বছরের কিংবা জন্মদিনের শুভেচ্ছা জানাতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় Happy New Year/Happy Birth day.
Example : Mohona: Happy New Year, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Happy New year.
or, Mohona: Happy Birth Day, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Welcome etc.
10. প্রশ্নও সংক্ষিপ্ত হতে হবে (পাল্টা প্রশ্ন)।
Example : Rimu: I couldn’t attend the class.
Riad: Why? Rimu: For headache...
11. কাউকে থামাতে, চুপ করতে বা ধমক দিতে বলা হয় বা লিখা হয় stop it/shut up.
12. কোনো বিষয়ে অনিচ্ছা বা অপরাগতা প্রকাশ করতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয়- Sorry, I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
Example : Reya : How did you do such a bad thing?
Puspita: Sorry/I’m sorry/I don’t think so etc.
13. সম্মতি জানাতে লিখতে হয় sure/it, all right/of course.
Example : Mim: Spriha, can you help me please?
Jim: Sure/of course etc.
14. লজ্জা, ঘৃণা বা ধিক্কার জানাতে shame! shame!/fie! fie! বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Sarja: What an evil job you’ve done?
Shame! Shame!
Farja: Sorry/I’m extremely sorry for that.
15. Eid greetings জানাতে বলা/লিখা হয়।
Eid mubarak, Happy Eid Day. প্রতি উত্তরেও তাই বলতে বা লিখতে হয়।
Example : Mahi: Eid Mubarak, Mohona.
Mohona: Eid Mubarak. or happy Eid Day.
16. নতুন বছরের কিংবা জন্মদিনের শুভেচ্ছা জানাতে বলতে বা লিখতে হয় Happy New Year/Happy Birth day.
Example : Mohona: Happy New Year, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Happy New year.
or, Mohona: Happy Birth Day, Mahi.
Mahi: Thank you/Welcome etc.
# Some important dialogues have been given for practice:
Question: Suppose you Anik. Your friend Adnan knows a lot about air-pollution. Now write a dialogue between you and your friend on various effects and remedies of the problem.
Answer: A dialogue between Anik and Adnan about air-pollution.
Anik: Hello. Adnan, Are you seek?
Adnan: Yes, I’ve been suffering from bitter headache for two days.
Anik: Sorry, to disturb you but I need your help.
Adnan: Oh sure, tell me, what can I do for you?
Anik: I know, You know a lot about air-pollution.
Adnan: Well, look. air-pollution is responsible for occurring various destroying things.
Anik: Yes, for your headaches also. isn’t it?
Adnan: You’re right. At present a number of in crerable diseases are caused by air-pollution too.
Anik: You know its one of the greatest problems and threats to our environment. Am I right?
Adnan: Exactly. We can count smoke as the major pollutant of air.
Anik: why?
Adnan: In big cities and towns there are thousands of vehicles which cause air pollution burning disel and patrol.
Anik: Rapidly growing of over population is another reason for it in our country.
Adnan: Yes. Mills and factories, railway engines, powerhouse burn coal and oil which produce carbon monoxide and pollute it.
Anik: What do you think?
Adnan: I think so and I also think it’s high time we took proper steps to solve this problem.
Anik: How? Adnan: Planting more trees.
Anik: Yes. to stop air-pollution tree plantation must be in creased.
Adnan: Exactly. Thank you.
Anik: You are welcome. Bye.
Adnan: Bye.
Model Test:Eng-1st paper for HSC Exam
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
Statistics show that about 350 million people speak English as a language and another 300 million use it as a second language. It is the official or semi-official language in more than 60 countries and of many international organizations. The International Olympic Committee, for example, always holds meetings in English. English helps the international community and the business world to communicate across national borders. Today, more than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers is in English, so organizations frequently need employees who speak and write a standard form of English. In fact some companies provide English language training for their staff. It is therefore little wonder that job advertisements now a days often ask for a ‘good working knowledge’ of English. Many believe now that English usually helps them to get good jobs and better salaries.
1. Choose the right world/expression to complete each sentences :
i. First language means the important/main /natural language.
ii. A second language is one that is taught and learnt regarding it as next in importance to the mother tongue/a foreign language/a dead language.
iii. The number of people who use English as a second language is about 300/350 million.
iv. International Olympic Committee always holds its meetings in French/English /Spanish.
v. English is used as, official or semi-official language in more than 60/50/70 countries.
2. True/ false? If false, give the correct information :
i. Nowadays more than eighty percent of all the information in the world’s computers is in English.
ii. Many nowadays get good jobs because they know English.
iii. Many international organizations often use different languages.
iv. A good knowledge of English is necessary for a good job.
v. No companies arrange training for their staff to make them able to use English well.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words. Add any preposition if necessary:
i. Statistics show that English is (speak) as a first language by 350 million people.
ii. The International Olympic Committee (use) English in its meetings.
iii. English (help) communication across national borders.
iv. More than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers (be) in English.
v. Employers nowadays want applicants (have) a good working knowledge of English.
4. Make a list of five reasons why English is important.
Answer to the question no. Set-4:
1. (a) main (b) mother tongue
(c) 300 (d) English (e) 60
2. (a) True (b) True (c) False, Correct answer: Many international organizations always use English languages. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer: Many companies arrange training for their staff to make them able to use English well.
3. (a) spoken (b) uses (c) helps to (d) is (e) having
4. A list of five reasons why English is important: (a) is spoken as the first language by 350 million people. (b) is used as the second language by 300 million people. (c) holds meeting by the International Olympic Committee in English. (d) more than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers is in English (e) helps us to get good jobs and better salaries.
=========
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
His name was Jerry; he had been at the orphanage since he was four. I could picture him at four, with the same grave gray-blue eyes and the same-independence? No, he word that comes to me is ‘integrity.’ It is embedded on courage, but it is more than brave. It is honest, but it is more than honesty. The axe handle broke one day. Jerry said the orphanage woodshop would repair it. I brought money to pay for the job and he refused it. “I’ll pay for it, “He said, “I brought the axe down careless.” “But no one hits accurately every time”, I told him, “The fault was in the handle.” It was only then he would take the money. He was standing back of his own carelessness. He was a freewill agent and he chose to do careful work; and if he failed, he took the responsibility without subterfuge. And he did for me the unnecessary thing, the gracious thing that we find done only by the great of heart. Things no training can teach, for they are done on the instant, with no predicated experience. He found a cubbyhole beside the fireplace that I had not noticed. There, of his own accord, he put wood, so that I might always have dry fire material ready in case of sudden wet weather. A stone was loose in the rough walk to the cabin. He dug a deeper hole and steadied it, although he came, himself, by a shortcut over the bank. I found that when I tired to return his thoughtfulness with such things as candy and apples, he was wordless. “Thank you” was, perhaps, an expression for which he had had no use, for his courtesy was instinctive. He only looked at the gift and at me, and a curtain lifted, so that I saw deeper into the clear well of his eyes; and gratitude was there, and affection, soft over the firm granite of his character.
1. Choose the right word and complete each sentence.
(a) Jerry’s sense of duty/courtesy/integrity impressed the authoress.
(b) Jerry wanted to get the axe-handle repair/repaired/repairing.
(c) Jerry’s courtesy was formal/artificial/inborn.
(d) Jerry came to the orphanage at the age of eight/four/twelve.
(e) The phrase of his own accord means willingly/at random/freely.
2. True/false? If false, give the correct information.
(a) Jerry steadied the loose stone for his own use.
(b) Jerry had been at the orphanage for four years.
(c) The axe-handle broke because Jerry brought the axe down careless.
(d) Integrity is embedded on courage.
(e) Jerry did for the authoress the necessary things.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word. Add prepositions if necessary.
(a) Jerry (be) at the orphanage since he was four.
(b) He took the (responsible) breaking the axe-handle.
(c) He chose to work (careful) .
(d) He was an orphan boy (lived) the orphanage.
(e) (Dig) a deeper hole, Jerry steadied a loose stone.
Answer to the question no. Set-5
1. (a) courtesy (b) repaired (c) inborn (d) four (e) willingly
2. (a) False, Correct answer : Jerry steadied the loose stone for the authoress. (b) False, Correct answer: Jerry had been at the orphanage since he was four. (c) False, Correct answer : The axe-handle broke because there was a fault in the wood of the handle. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer : Jerry did for the authoress the unnecessary things.
2. (a) had been (b) responsibility of (c) carefully (d) living in
(e) digging
===============
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
In recent years, there have been many alarming reports that the world’s climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase in global warming is caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth. Most climatologists believe that the greenhouse effect is the likely cause of this global warming. What is the greenhouse effect? It is the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth as a result of heat being trapped by environment pollution. This is exemplified by the destruction and burning down of tropical rain forests, by traffic that clogs up city streets, by the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in packing and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents such as washing powder and washing-up liquid and so on. The oceans are also said to be affected both because of human waste and because of pollution caused by industrial waste products, oil seeping from damaged supertankers and from other maritime disasters. However, the main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests, and pollutants such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. Climatologists predict that midway through the next century, temperatures may have risen by as much as 4°c. This could catastrophically reduce mankind’s ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmland. The alarming news about Bangladesh is that as a result of the rise of the sea level, the lower southern part of the country may one day go under water.
1. Choose the right word and complete each sentence :
(a) According to majority of the climatologists, the greenhouse effect is the plausible/probable/prime cause of the global warming.
(b) The global warming may have a disastrous/magnificent/heinous effect on life on earth.
(c) The burning of fossil fuels, forest and various pollutants is the effect/root/source of carbon dioxide gas.
(d) The dumping of industrial wastes and waste-products in to the ocean affects/causes/diminishes environmental pollution.
(e) The rise of temperature may one day damages/swallow/submerge the lower southern part of Bangladesh.
.Write whether the following statements are true/false. If false, give the correct information :
a) Carbon dioxide gas is the only culprit for global warming.
b) The greenhouse effects is a global phenomenon.
c) Fossil fuels and forests are some of the main culprits for global warming.
d) The greenhouse effect can be diminished if we can reduce the environmental pollution.
e) Global warming is good for the cold countries of the world.
3. Fill in the gaps with correct form of words. Add appropriate prepositions if necessary :
a) The greenhouse effect may be the cause of (distract) wildlife and wilderness.
b) According to the (believe) the climatologists, the greenhouse effect is the most likely cause of the global warming.
c) If the sea level rises abnormally, we have reason to be (worry)___.
d) Carbon dioxide is (produce) the burning of fossil fuels an forests.
e) Even the oceans are getting (pollution) .
4. Make a list of five causes of global warming :
Ans. to the ques. no. Set-6:
1. (a) probable (b) disastrous (c) source (d) causes (e) submerge.
2. (a) False, Correct answer : Carbon dioxide gas is one of the main culprits for global warming. (b) True (c) False, Correct answer : The burning of fossil fuels and forests are some of the main culprits for global warming. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer : Global warming is harmful for the whole world.
3. (a) destruction of (b) belief of (c) worried (d) produced by (e) polluted
A list of five causes of global warming : 4. (a) Increasing carbon dioxide (b) Cutting down of forests (c) Burning of fossil fuels (d) Using CFC gas (e) Using of detergents.
=================================
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
Humans, animals, and plants are all important elements of the natural environment. But humans are cruelly destroying plants and animals and thereby creating a danger for us all. The destruction of forests and other habitats is causing the extinction of various plants and animals every day. These losses are particularly severe in the areas of tropical forests which cover only 7% of the surface of the globe, but which provide the living space for between 50% and 80% of all our wildlife. Many wild animals and birds such as pandas, bears, tigers, alligators, whales, wolves, eagles, falcons, kites and buzzards are faced with the threat of extinction today. Their decline has been accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting places, by the collection of eggs, and above all by the widespread use of chemicals and pesticides which enter their food chains leading to sterility and mass deaths. Hunting of birds and animals is another cause of their extinction. Men kill birds for food and feathers, hunt big cats to make fur coats and slaughter alligators and other reptiles for shoes and bags. In addition, whale hunting has also drastically reduced the number of blue whales in the Atlantic ocean.
1. Choose the right world/expression to complete each sentences :
a. Human are destroying plants and animals, which are good/useful/dangerous to us.
b. The tropical forests cover about 70/17/7 percent of the surface of the earth.
c. Most of the wild animals live in the tropical/subtropical/coastal forests.
d. Hunting of birds is a cause of their destruction/increase/extinction.
e. Whale hunting has reduced the number of blue-whales in the Indian/Pacific/Atlantic Ocean.
2. True/False? If false, give the correct information :
a) Humans, animals and plants are ordinary elements of natural environment.
b) Losses of plants and animals are severe in the tropical region.
c) Men kill birds for food and feathers.
d) In order to protect environment we should not protect our wildlife.
e) Sterility among the birds is caused by destruction of forests.
Statistics show that about 350 million people speak English as a language and another 300 million use it as a second language. It is the official or semi-official language in more than 60 countries and of many international organizations. The International Olympic Committee, for example, always holds meetings in English. English helps the international community and the business world to communicate across national borders. Today, more than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers is in English, so organizations frequently need employees who speak and write a standard form of English. In fact some companies provide English language training for their staff. It is therefore little wonder that job advertisements now a days often ask for a ‘good working knowledge’ of English. Many believe now that English usually helps them to get good jobs and better salaries.
1. Choose the right world/expression to complete each sentences :
i. First language means the important/main /natural language.
ii. A second language is one that is taught and learnt regarding it as next in importance to the mother tongue/a foreign language/a dead language.
iii. The number of people who use English as a second language is about 300/350 million.
iv. International Olympic Committee always holds its meetings in French/English /Spanish.
v. English is used as, official or semi-official language in more than 60/50/70 countries.
2. True/ false? If false, give the correct information :
i. Nowadays more than eighty percent of all the information in the world’s computers is in English.
ii. Many nowadays get good jobs because they know English.
iii. Many international organizations often use different languages.
iv. A good knowledge of English is necessary for a good job.
v. No companies arrange training for their staff to make them able to use English well.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words. Add any preposition if necessary:
i. Statistics show that English is (speak) as a first language by 350 million people.
ii. The International Olympic Committee (use) English in its meetings.
iii. English (help) communication across national borders.
iv. More than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers (be) in English.
v. Employers nowadays want applicants (have) a good working knowledge of English.
4. Make a list of five reasons why English is important.
Answer to the question no. Set-4:
1. (a) main (b) mother tongue
(c) 300 (d) English (e) 60
2. (a) True (b) True (c) False, Correct answer: Many international organizations always use English languages. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer: Many companies arrange training for their staff to make them able to use English well.
3. (a) spoken (b) uses (c) helps to (d) is (e) having
4. A list of five reasons why English is important: (a) is spoken as the first language by 350 million people. (b) is used as the second language by 300 million people. (c) holds meeting by the International Olympic Committee in English. (d) more than 80% of all the information in the world’s computers is in English (e) helps us to get good jobs and better salaries.
=========
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
His name was Jerry; he had been at the orphanage since he was four. I could picture him at four, with the same grave gray-blue eyes and the same-independence? No, he word that comes to me is ‘integrity.’ It is embedded on courage, but it is more than brave. It is honest, but it is more than honesty. The axe handle broke one day. Jerry said the orphanage woodshop would repair it. I brought money to pay for the job and he refused it. “I’ll pay for it, “He said, “I brought the axe down careless.” “But no one hits accurately every time”, I told him, “The fault was in the handle.” It was only then he would take the money. He was standing back of his own carelessness. He was a freewill agent and he chose to do careful work; and if he failed, he took the responsibility without subterfuge. And he did for me the unnecessary thing, the gracious thing that we find done only by the great of heart. Things no training can teach, for they are done on the instant, with no predicated experience. He found a cubbyhole beside the fireplace that I had not noticed. There, of his own accord, he put wood, so that I might always have dry fire material ready in case of sudden wet weather. A stone was loose in the rough walk to the cabin. He dug a deeper hole and steadied it, although he came, himself, by a shortcut over the bank. I found that when I tired to return his thoughtfulness with such things as candy and apples, he was wordless. “Thank you” was, perhaps, an expression for which he had had no use, for his courtesy was instinctive. He only looked at the gift and at me, and a curtain lifted, so that I saw deeper into the clear well of his eyes; and gratitude was there, and affection, soft over the firm granite of his character.
1. Choose the right word and complete each sentence.
(a) Jerry’s sense of duty/courtesy/integrity impressed the authoress.
(b) Jerry wanted to get the axe-handle repair/repaired/repairing.
(c) Jerry’s courtesy was formal/artificial/inborn.
(d) Jerry came to the orphanage at the age of eight/four/twelve.
(e) The phrase of his own accord means willingly/at random/freely.
2. True/false? If false, give the correct information.
(a) Jerry steadied the loose stone for his own use.
(b) Jerry had been at the orphanage for four years.
(c) The axe-handle broke because Jerry brought the axe down careless.
(d) Integrity is embedded on courage.
(e) Jerry did for the authoress the necessary things.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word. Add prepositions if necessary.
(a) Jerry (be) at the orphanage since he was four.
(b) He took the (responsible) breaking the axe-handle.
(c) He chose to work (careful) .
(d) He was an orphan boy (lived) the orphanage.
(e) (Dig) a deeper hole, Jerry steadied a loose stone.
Answer to the question no. Set-5
1. (a) courtesy (b) repaired (c) inborn (d) four (e) willingly
2. (a) False, Correct answer : Jerry steadied the loose stone for the authoress. (b) False, Correct answer: Jerry had been at the orphanage since he was four. (c) False, Correct answer : The axe-handle broke because there was a fault in the wood of the handle. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer : Jerry did for the authoress the unnecessary things.
2. (a) had been (b) responsibility of (c) carefully (d) living in
(e) digging
===============
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
In recent years, there have been many alarming reports that the world’s climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase in global warming is caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth. Most climatologists believe that the greenhouse effect is the likely cause of this global warming. What is the greenhouse effect? It is the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth as a result of heat being trapped by environment pollution. This is exemplified by the destruction and burning down of tropical rain forests, by traffic that clogs up city streets, by the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in packing and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents such as washing powder and washing-up liquid and so on. The oceans are also said to be affected both because of human waste and because of pollution caused by industrial waste products, oil seeping from damaged supertankers and from other maritime disasters. However, the main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests, and pollutants such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. Climatologists predict that midway through the next century, temperatures may have risen by as much as 4°c. This could catastrophically reduce mankind’s ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmland. The alarming news about Bangladesh is that as a result of the rise of the sea level, the lower southern part of the country may one day go under water.
1. Choose the right word and complete each sentence :
(a) According to majority of the climatologists, the greenhouse effect is the plausible/probable/prime cause of the global warming.
(b) The global warming may have a disastrous/magnificent/heinous effect on life on earth.
(c) The burning of fossil fuels, forest and various pollutants is the effect/root/source of carbon dioxide gas.
(d) The dumping of industrial wastes and waste-products in to the ocean affects/causes/diminishes environmental pollution.
(e) The rise of temperature may one day damages/swallow/submerge the lower southern part of Bangladesh.
.Write whether the following statements are true/false. If false, give the correct information :
a) Carbon dioxide gas is the only culprit for global warming.
b) The greenhouse effects is a global phenomenon.
c) Fossil fuels and forests are some of the main culprits for global warming.
d) The greenhouse effect can be diminished if we can reduce the environmental pollution.
e) Global warming is good for the cold countries of the world.
3. Fill in the gaps with correct form of words. Add appropriate prepositions if necessary :
a) The greenhouse effect may be the cause of (distract) wildlife and wilderness.
b) According to the (believe) the climatologists, the greenhouse effect is the most likely cause of the global warming.
c) If the sea level rises abnormally, we have reason to be (worry)___.
d) Carbon dioxide is (produce) the burning of fossil fuels an forests.
e) Even the oceans are getting (pollution) .
4. Make a list of five causes of global warming :
Ans. to the ques. no. Set-6:
1. (a) probable (b) disastrous (c) source (d) causes (e) submerge.
2. (a) False, Correct answer : Carbon dioxide gas is one of the main culprits for global warming. (b) True (c) False, Correct answer : The burning of fossil fuels and forests are some of the main culprits for global warming. (d) True (e) False, Correct answer : Global warming is harmful for the whole world.
3. (a) destruction of (b) belief of (c) worried (d) produced by (e) polluted
A list of five causes of global warming : 4. (a) Increasing carbon dioxide (b) Cutting down of forests (c) Burning of fossil fuels (d) Using CFC gas (e) Using of detergents.
=================================
Read the following passage and answer the questions :
Humans, animals, and plants are all important elements of the natural environment. But humans are cruelly destroying plants and animals and thereby creating a danger for us all. The destruction of forests and other habitats is causing the extinction of various plants and animals every day. These losses are particularly severe in the areas of tropical forests which cover only 7% of the surface of the globe, but which provide the living space for between 50% and 80% of all our wildlife. Many wild animals and birds such as pandas, bears, tigers, alligators, whales, wolves, eagles, falcons, kites and buzzards are faced with the threat of extinction today. Their decline has been accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting places, by the collection of eggs, and above all by the widespread use of chemicals and pesticides which enter their food chains leading to sterility and mass deaths. Hunting of birds and animals is another cause of their extinction. Men kill birds for food and feathers, hunt big cats to make fur coats and slaughter alligators and other reptiles for shoes and bags. In addition, whale hunting has also drastically reduced the number of blue whales in the Atlantic ocean.
1. Choose the right world/expression to complete each sentences :
a. Human are destroying plants and animals, which are good/useful/dangerous to us.
b. The tropical forests cover about 70/17/7 percent of the surface of the earth.
c. Most of the wild animals live in the tropical/subtropical/coastal forests.
d. Hunting of birds is a cause of their destruction/increase/extinction.
e. Whale hunting has reduced the number of blue-whales in the Indian/Pacific/Atlantic Ocean.
2. True/False? If false, give the correct information :
a) Humans, animals and plants are ordinary elements of natural environment.
b) Losses of plants and animals are severe in the tropical region.
c) Men kill birds for food and feathers.
d) In order to protect environment we should not protect our wildlife.
e) Sterility among the birds is caused by destruction of forests.
Model Test:Eng-2nd Paper for JSC Exam
সময়: ৩ ঘণ্টা \ মান: ১০০
Part A : Grammar-Marks 60
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. Use a cross (×) mark where an article is not necessary : 1×5=5
Money is called (a) — fuel of life. Though money is (b) — must in our practical life, it can not ensure all happiness. Happiness lies in contentment. (c) — happy man is liked by all. Morality plays (d) — important role in this regard. We must exercise morality in every step of live for building up (e) — corruption-free nation.
2. Read the following passage and rewrite it in past tense : 1×5=5
The farmer will wake up early in the morning and will go out in quest of work. He will toil hard from dawn to dusk for his employer and will get his wages at night. Then he will go to market, purchase his daily necessaries and will return to his hut.
3. Change the following sentences into active or passive voice : 1×5=5
(a) Did she kill herself?
(b) They ought to stop torture.
(c) Perhaps you have seen a pier glass.
(d) The green mangoes did not taste sweet.
(e) I was introduced to the plays and poems.
4. Transform the following sentences as directed : 1×5=5
(a) Bangladesh is nicer than most other countries in the world. (Positive)
(b) Every rose has a thorn. (Nagative)
(c) You are a very honest man. (Exclamatory)
(d) No one will deny this. (Affirmative)
(e) Nobody will ever trust a cheat. (Interrogative)
5. Put a suitable preposition from the box in each gap. You can use a preposition more than once : 1×5=5
off to from after in of for
(a) He came again — school in the afternoon.
(b) He is certain — passing the exam.
(c) He voted — me.
(d) A sinner has to atone — his sins.
(e) We should not be callous — the sufferings of the poor.
6. Fill in the gaps with suitable conjunctions given in the box. You can use a conjunction more than once.1×5=5
though if since whether lest
(a) Five years have passed — I saw you.
(b) — you help me, I shall remain grateful to you.
(c) — he scolds me, I respect him.
(d) A teacher knows well — a student reads or not.
(e) He held my hand — I should fall.
7. Fill in the gaps with right form of verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense. 1×5=5
leave bring thank forget lead
(a) Had you told me, I — a car.
(b) False news — a nation to ruin.
(c) I went outside the room having — him.
(d) He — the place soon.
(e) She sent a reply — me.
8. Fill in the gaps with suitable pronouns from the box. 1×5=5
anyone our who whom you both same
(a) He has two brothers — live in Canada.
(b) I would do the — again.
(c) — did you see in the fair?
(d) We haven’t seen —.
(e) All the members of —family were invited to the dinner.
9. Fill in the gaps with suitable adjectives from the box. 1×5=5
great wise well other big dark little
(a) Mr. Rahman is a — man.
(b) It was a — night. (c) Dhaka is a — city.
(d) A — learning is a dangerous thing.
(e) Take — care of your health.
10. Fill in the gaps with suitable adverbs from the box. 1×5=5
Largely repeatedly hurriedly
impatiently punctually
(a) She left the room — as he was late.
(b) Meera waited — for the result.
(c) I told you — not to play in the rain.
(d) The train arrives —.
(e) Birds fly in the sky —.
11. Fill in the gaps with the phrases and idioms from the list. 1×5=5
by leaps fight belong green French
and bounds shy of to eye leave
(a) The book — me.
(b) We should not enjoy —.
(c) The price of rice is increasing —.
(d) He always — me.
(e) Do not be a — to your friends
success.
12. Re-write the following sentences in the reported speech. 1×5=5
(a) The boy said to the teacher, ‘I’ll attend my classes regularly in future.’
(b) Rakib said to Raju, ‘How are you today?’
(c) The manager said to the man, ‘I will tell you the process of opening a bank account.’
(d) My friend said to me, ‘Why are you sitting alone in your room at this hour?’
(e) The tourist said to the receptionist, ‘Please give a vacant room.’
Part-B : Composition- Marks 40
13. Write an application to the Headmaster of your school for a testimonial. 5
14. Read the beginning of the story and complete it in your own way and give a suitable title to it. 5
One day a man was going to Kamalapur by a taxi. He had a purse with him. It contained a good amount of money. The man was in a hurry. Before getting down from the taxi, he paid the fair. But at the time of putting the purse back to his pocket, it slipped and got into the vehicle....
15. Make a dialogue between you and Jewel about how to learn English. 5
16. Write a paragraph on anyone of the following : 10
(a) A Railway station
(b) Early rising
(c) Moon lit night
(d) Your grandmother
17. Write a composition on any one of the following : 15
(a) A Journey by train
(b) Your aim in life
(c) The proper use of time
(d) Your favourite hobby.
Part A : Grammar-Marks 60
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles. Use a cross (×) mark where an article is not necessary : 1×5=5
Money is called (a) — fuel of life. Though money is (b) — must in our practical life, it can not ensure all happiness. Happiness lies in contentment. (c) — happy man is liked by all. Morality plays (d) — important role in this regard. We must exercise morality in every step of live for building up (e) — corruption-free nation.
2. Read the following passage and rewrite it in past tense : 1×5=5
The farmer will wake up early in the morning and will go out in quest of work. He will toil hard from dawn to dusk for his employer and will get his wages at night. Then he will go to market, purchase his daily necessaries and will return to his hut.
3. Change the following sentences into active or passive voice : 1×5=5
(a) Did she kill herself?
(b) They ought to stop torture.
(c) Perhaps you have seen a pier glass.
(d) The green mangoes did not taste sweet.
(e) I was introduced to the plays and poems.
4. Transform the following sentences as directed : 1×5=5
(a) Bangladesh is nicer than most other countries in the world. (Positive)
(b) Every rose has a thorn. (Nagative)
(c) You are a very honest man. (Exclamatory)
(d) No one will deny this. (Affirmative)
(e) Nobody will ever trust a cheat. (Interrogative)
5. Put a suitable preposition from the box in each gap. You can use a preposition more than once : 1×5=5
off to from after in of for
(a) He came again — school in the afternoon.
(b) He is certain — passing the exam.
(c) He voted — me.
(d) A sinner has to atone — his sins.
(e) We should not be callous — the sufferings of the poor.
6. Fill in the gaps with suitable conjunctions given in the box. You can use a conjunction more than once.1×5=5
though if since whether lest
(a) Five years have passed — I saw you.
(b) — you help me, I shall remain grateful to you.
(c) — he scolds me, I respect him.
(d) A teacher knows well — a student reads or not.
(e) He held my hand — I should fall.
7. Fill in the gaps with right form of verbs from the list. Put them in the correct tense. 1×5=5
leave bring thank forget lead
(a) Had you told me, I — a car.
(b) False news — a nation to ruin.
(c) I went outside the room having — him.
(d) He — the place soon.
(e) She sent a reply — me.
8. Fill in the gaps with suitable pronouns from the box. 1×5=5
anyone our who whom you both same
(a) He has two brothers — live in Canada.
(b) I would do the — again.
(c) — did you see in the fair?
(d) We haven’t seen —.
(e) All the members of —family were invited to the dinner.
9. Fill in the gaps with suitable adjectives from the box. 1×5=5
great wise well other big dark little
(a) Mr. Rahman is a — man.
(b) It was a — night. (c) Dhaka is a — city.
(d) A — learning is a dangerous thing.
(e) Take — care of your health.
10. Fill in the gaps with suitable adverbs from the box. 1×5=5
Largely repeatedly hurriedly
impatiently punctually
(a) She left the room — as he was late.
(b) Meera waited — for the result.
(c) I told you — not to play in the rain.
(d) The train arrives —.
(e) Birds fly in the sky —.
11. Fill in the gaps with the phrases and idioms from the list. 1×5=5
by leaps fight belong green French
and bounds shy of to eye leave
(a) The book — me.
(b) We should not enjoy —.
(c) The price of rice is increasing —.
(d) He always — me.
(e) Do not be a — to your friends
success.
12. Re-write the following sentences in the reported speech. 1×5=5
(a) The boy said to the teacher, ‘I’ll attend my classes regularly in future.’
(b) Rakib said to Raju, ‘How are you today?’
(c) The manager said to the man, ‘I will tell you the process of opening a bank account.’
(d) My friend said to me, ‘Why are you sitting alone in your room at this hour?’
(e) The tourist said to the receptionist, ‘Please give a vacant room.’
Part-B : Composition- Marks 40
13. Write an application to the Headmaster of your school for a testimonial. 5
14. Read the beginning of the story and complete it in your own way and give a suitable title to it. 5
One day a man was going to Kamalapur by a taxi. He had a purse with him. It contained a good amount of money. The man was in a hurry. Before getting down from the taxi, he paid the fair. But at the time of putting the purse back to his pocket, it slipped and got into the vehicle....
15. Make a dialogue between you and Jewel about how to learn English. 5
16. Write a paragraph on anyone of the following : 10
(a) A Railway station
(b) Early rising
(c) Moon lit night
(d) Your grandmother
17. Write a composition on any one of the following : 15
(a) A Journey by train
(b) Your aim in life
(c) The proper use of time
(d) Your favourite hobby.
Model Test:English 1st Paper for JSC EXAMINATION
Part-A : Reading Test
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions following it.
A long time ago in a small village near the jungle, there lived a young man called Ruplal. He lived with his family and worked on a farm, but he didn’t like it there. It was a beautiful place, but there were a lot of problems. The village people were always quarreling. So there was no peace. “I’ll either have to go and live alone in the jungle or I’ll go completely mad!” Ruplal exclaimed. I do not stay here one more day!
So he collected his things and went to live by himself in the jungle. Ruplal made a nice little hut for himself in the jungle with wood, bamboo and reeds. There he lived in peace and quite all by himself. “Ah, how happy I am now!” He thought to himself. Then, one day after a few weeks, he discovered something strange. In his blanket there was a hole. “Who made this hole?” Ruplal asked. He looked around him, but nobody replied. “I don’t understand. There’s either somebody here, or the hole just made itself!” That night, while Ruplal was sleeping, he heard a noise. Either someone or something was eating his blanket. “Who’s that?” Ruplal shouted. “Go away and leave me alone!” Outside the moon was shining brightly and Ruplal saw something small. It was a mouse. “Right”, he thought, “I’ll bring my cat here. Then I’ll be able to sleep in peace!”
1. Write whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give the correct answer. 5
(a) Ruplal lived in a jungle from the beginning of his life.
(b) Ruplal went to jungle to lead a peaceful life.
(c) In the jungle Ruplal faced no problem.
(d) Ruplal had sound sleep in the jungle.
(e) The first few days of Ruplal in the jungle were very peaceful.
2. Choose the best answer from the alternative. 5
(a) Ruplal did not like his village because —
i) it wasn’t beautiful. ii) the people there were always quarrelling.
iii) he was completely mad. iv) it was populous.
(b) He went into the jungle to —
i) live in a nice little hut. ii) make a hut with wood, bamboo and reeds.
iii) find peace and quite. iv) hunt animals.
(c) He was surprised because —
i) he saw a hole in his blanket. ii) nobody replied to him.
iii) the jungle was also chaotic. iv) the hole just made itself.
(d) — ate a hole in Ruplal’s blanket.
i) Nobody ii) Something iii) Somebody iv) An ant
(e) Ruplal could see a mouse because —
i) it ate a hole in his blanket. ii) it was small.
iii) the moon was shining. iv) it was playing with a cat.
3. Fill in each gap in the following passage with the words from the following box. 5
jungle man day problems things people
family peace beautiful small
A long time ago in a (a) — village near the jungle, there lived a young (b) — called Ruplal. He lived with his (c) — and worked on a farm. It was a (d) — place, but there were a lot of (e) —. The village (f) — were always quarrelling, so there was no (g) —. “I’ll either have to go and live alone in the (h) —, or I’ll go completely mad!” Ruplal Exclaimed. “I don’t want to stay here any more (i) —!” So he collected his (j) — and went to live by himself in the jungle.
4. Give the short answer of these questions. 5
(a) What was Ruplal’s profession?
(b) Why didn’t he like the village life?
(c) Why wasn’t Ruplal happy in the jungle?
(d) Why did Ruplal decide to bring his cat in the jungle?
(e) Where did Ruplal live in the jungle?
5. Choose a word from the box and put it in the blank next to its meaning. 1x5=5
discover alone strange quiet hut
(a) — = surprising
(b) — = find or learn something for the first time
(c) — = calm
(d) — = lonely (e) — = cottage
6. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 5
Many years ago there was a young man (a) — Ruplal who (b) — in a small village (c) — the jungle. He lived with his family and worked (d) — a farm. He didn’t like his village (e) — there were a lot of problems. So he went (f) — the jungle (g) — live in peace. A nice little hut (h) — himself was made in the jungle with wood, bamboo and reeds. But the jungle was not also a congenial place for him. After a few weeks, a hole was (i) — in the blanket which was made by a (j) —.
7. Read the passage in A again. Write a paragraph about Ruplal’s life based on the information from below: 5
A young man — Ruplal — hut — jungle — village — peace and quiet — blanket — a mouse.
8. Read the passage in A again. Now write the main idea of the story in your own words in not more than five sentences. 5
9. Make a dialogue between you and your friend Lamiya about Ruplal who wanted to live alone. 5
Part-B: Vocabulary
10. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word from the list given in the box below. There are more words than necessary. In your answer script write only your answers serially. 10
turn yes like explain stand example
point good exclaim come because
Everyone (a) — toward the window. There, near the school garden, (b) — some fertilizer in a bamboo bin. “That’s (c) — fertilizer”, explained Luna. “It’s dirty (d) — it’s made from all kinds of waste materials, but it’s (e) — for the soil.” “Good for the soil, but not good for me!” said Sarah. Mrs. Amin (f) — to some flowers on her desk. “Do you (g) — these Sarah?” asked Mrs. Amin. “Oh, (h) —”, said Sarah. “They’re really beautiful, madam.” “They were grown in my garden,” (i) — Mrs. Amin. “They grew out of the soil, and the soil was mixed with fertilizer. Beautiful things often need dirty work, Sarah. Who can give me another (j) —?”
11. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word either from your textbook or outside the textbook. Use only one word for each blank. In your answer script write only your answers serially : 10
While I was (a) — taken to the hospital, my grand daughter, Rina, looked after her young brother, Tunu, (b) — by herself. Then, when she and Luna came to (c) — me in hospital, she told the story to me. It’s (d) — a very responsible young person (e) — herself, and its (f) —. After lunch, you’ll be (g) — to hear Rina’s story for yourselves. I think we can all (h) — a lot from interesting stories like that. I’m very (i) — to all you young people for (j) — me to recover from my accident so quickly.
13. Re-arrange the following sentences according to sequence and rewrite them in a paragraph form. 10
a. The leaves dropped off the trees and the countryside looked bare and gray.
b. Then it started snowing and the fields were covered in soft white snow.
c. The door opened and there was Mr. Grasshopper standing outside in the cold.
d. After some time, the warm sunny days finished.
e. The soft earth became hard and nothing could grow.
f. Then the winter season came and the weather in Greece grew cold.
g. “Come in!” he shouted.
h. Through his windows he looked at the trees and the white fields covered in snow.
i. One morning, Mr. Ant was eating his breakfast when there was a knock at his door.
j. Mr. Ant stayed inside his house.
14. Suppose you are Abeer/Katha. Your friend, Kohely/Sakir has got GPA-5 in the JSC examination. He/she was also awarded talentpool scholarship. Now write a letter congratulating him/her on his/her brilliant result.
Or, Write a letter to your father telling him about your preparation for the up-coming Junior School Certificate (JCE) examination. 10
15. Write a paragraph on any one of the following. 10
(a) How To Make A School Garden
(b) Your First Day At School.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions following it.
A long time ago in a small village near the jungle, there lived a young man called Ruplal. He lived with his family and worked on a farm, but he didn’t like it there. It was a beautiful place, but there were a lot of problems. The village people were always quarreling. So there was no peace. “I’ll either have to go and live alone in the jungle or I’ll go completely mad!” Ruplal exclaimed. I do not stay here one more day!
So he collected his things and went to live by himself in the jungle. Ruplal made a nice little hut for himself in the jungle with wood, bamboo and reeds. There he lived in peace and quite all by himself. “Ah, how happy I am now!” He thought to himself. Then, one day after a few weeks, he discovered something strange. In his blanket there was a hole. “Who made this hole?” Ruplal asked. He looked around him, but nobody replied. “I don’t understand. There’s either somebody here, or the hole just made itself!” That night, while Ruplal was sleeping, he heard a noise. Either someone or something was eating his blanket. “Who’s that?” Ruplal shouted. “Go away and leave me alone!” Outside the moon was shining brightly and Ruplal saw something small. It was a mouse. “Right”, he thought, “I’ll bring my cat here. Then I’ll be able to sleep in peace!”
1. Write whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give the correct answer. 5
(a) Ruplal lived in a jungle from the beginning of his life.
(b) Ruplal went to jungle to lead a peaceful life.
(c) In the jungle Ruplal faced no problem.
(d) Ruplal had sound sleep in the jungle.
(e) The first few days of Ruplal in the jungle were very peaceful.
2. Choose the best answer from the alternative. 5
(a) Ruplal did not like his village because —
i) it wasn’t beautiful. ii) the people there were always quarrelling.
iii) he was completely mad. iv) it was populous.
(b) He went into the jungle to —
i) live in a nice little hut. ii) make a hut with wood, bamboo and reeds.
iii) find peace and quite. iv) hunt animals.
(c) He was surprised because —
i) he saw a hole in his blanket. ii) nobody replied to him.
iii) the jungle was also chaotic. iv) the hole just made itself.
(d) — ate a hole in Ruplal’s blanket.
i) Nobody ii) Something iii) Somebody iv) An ant
(e) Ruplal could see a mouse because —
i) it ate a hole in his blanket. ii) it was small.
iii) the moon was shining. iv) it was playing with a cat.
3. Fill in each gap in the following passage with the words from the following box. 5
jungle man day problems things people
family peace beautiful small
A long time ago in a (a) — village near the jungle, there lived a young (b) — called Ruplal. He lived with his (c) — and worked on a farm. It was a (d) — place, but there were a lot of (e) —. The village (f) — were always quarrelling, so there was no (g) —. “I’ll either have to go and live alone in the (h) —, or I’ll go completely mad!” Ruplal Exclaimed. “I don’t want to stay here any more (i) —!” So he collected his (j) — and went to live by himself in the jungle.
4. Give the short answer of these questions. 5
(a) What was Ruplal’s profession?
(b) Why didn’t he like the village life?
(c) Why wasn’t Ruplal happy in the jungle?
(d) Why did Ruplal decide to bring his cat in the jungle?
(e) Where did Ruplal live in the jungle?
5. Choose a word from the box and put it in the blank next to its meaning. 1x5=5
discover alone strange quiet hut
(a) — = surprising
(b) — = find or learn something for the first time
(c) — = calm
(d) — = lonely (e) — = cottage
6. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 5
Many years ago there was a young man (a) — Ruplal who (b) — in a small village (c) — the jungle. He lived with his family and worked (d) — a farm. He didn’t like his village (e) — there were a lot of problems. So he went (f) — the jungle (g) — live in peace. A nice little hut (h) — himself was made in the jungle with wood, bamboo and reeds. But the jungle was not also a congenial place for him. After a few weeks, a hole was (i) — in the blanket which was made by a (j) —.
7. Read the passage in A again. Write a paragraph about Ruplal’s life based on the information from below: 5
A young man — Ruplal — hut — jungle — village — peace and quiet — blanket — a mouse.
8. Read the passage in A again. Now write the main idea of the story in your own words in not more than five sentences. 5
9. Make a dialogue between you and your friend Lamiya about Ruplal who wanted to live alone. 5
Part-B: Vocabulary
10. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word from the list given in the box below. There are more words than necessary. In your answer script write only your answers serially. 10
turn yes like explain stand example
point good exclaim come because
Everyone (a) — toward the window. There, near the school garden, (b) — some fertilizer in a bamboo bin. “That’s (c) — fertilizer”, explained Luna. “It’s dirty (d) — it’s made from all kinds of waste materials, but it’s (e) — for the soil.” “Good for the soil, but not good for me!” said Sarah. Mrs. Amin (f) — to some flowers on her desk. “Do you (g) — these Sarah?” asked Mrs. Amin. “Oh, (h) —”, said Sarah. “They’re really beautiful, madam.” “They were grown in my garden,” (i) — Mrs. Amin. “They grew out of the soil, and the soil was mixed with fertilizer. Beautiful things often need dirty work, Sarah. Who can give me another (j) —?”
11. Fill in each blank of the following passage with a suitable word either from your textbook or outside the textbook. Use only one word for each blank. In your answer script write only your answers serially : 10
While I was (a) — taken to the hospital, my grand daughter, Rina, looked after her young brother, Tunu, (b) — by herself. Then, when she and Luna came to (c) — me in hospital, she told the story to me. It’s (d) — a very responsible young person (e) — herself, and its (f) —. After lunch, you’ll be (g) — to hear Rina’s story for yourselves. I think we can all (h) — a lot from interesting stories like that. I’m very (i) — to all you young people for (j) — me to recover from my accident so quickly.
13. Re-arrange the following sentences according to sequence and rewrite them in a paragraph form. 10
a. The leaves dropped off the trees and the countryside looked bare and gray.
b. Then it started snowing and the fields were covered in soft white snow.
c. The door opened and there was Mr. Grasshopper standing outside in the cold.
d. After some time, the warm sunny days finished.
e. The soft earth became hard and nothing could grow.
f. Then the winter season came and the weather in Greece grew cold.
g. “Come in!” he shouted.
h. Through his windows he looked at the trees and the white fields covered in snow.
i. One morning, Mr. Ant was eating his breakfast when there was a knock at his door.
j. Mr. Ant stayed inside his house.
14. Suppose you are Abeer/Katha. Your friend, Kohely/Sakir has got GPA-5 in the JSC examination. He/she was also awarded talentpool scholarship. Now write a letter congratulating him/her on his/her brilliant result.
Or, Write a letter to your father telling him about your preparation for the up-coming Junior School Certificate (JCE) examination. 10
15. Write a paragraph on any one of the following. 10
(a) How To Make A School Garden
(b) Your First Day At School.
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